Line Ends, Line Joins | HP 5961-0509 instruction

Note	Labels are always drawn with rounded ends and joins.

Line Ends

The value you specify for line ends determines how the ends of line segments are shaped. The following illustration describes the four types of line ends.

Figure 22-11Four Line Ends

Line Joins

The value you specify for the line joins attribute determines how connecting line ends (corners) are shaped. The following illustration describes the five types of line joins. If the first and last points of a series of lines are the same, they join according to the current line join and miter limit.

EN	LA, Line Attributes 22-17

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HP 5961-0509 manual Line Ends, Line Joins

Contents

Page Page HP Part No First Edition October PCL 5 Printer LanguageTechnical Reference ManualPage Printing History Trademark Credits What You Can Learn From This Manual Inside This ManualExperienced Users Non-technical Users Software packages, refer to HP’s Software Application Notes Chapter SummariesApplication notes can be obtained through the HP Forum on Brief description of each chapter is provided below Macros Fonts Viii PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Configuration and Status Group PCL 5 Comparison Guide Related Documentation Contents Print Environment Cursor Positioning Units Horizontal Cursor Positioning Decipoints CommandDecipoints Columns & Rows BS Backspace HT Horizontal Tab Contents-4 10-2 MSL Symbol Index Example 10-1410-4 10-5 Text Height UI 11-29 11-29First Code UI 11-30 Last Code / Number of Characters UI Height Extended UB 11-31 Cap Height UI Macro Control Example Contents-8 Symbol Set Response 16-1816-6 16-8 17-3 17-217-9 Parameter Formats 17-10 19-4 19-319-8 Enlarging or Reducing a Picture 19-8 21-3 21-221-6 21-10 ExampleUsing theDV Command 23-49 ExampleUsing the DR Command 23-41ExampleUsing the FI Command 23-54 ExampleUsing the FN Command 23-57 HMI Error Contents-14 HP PCL 2Introduction to HP PCL PCL Printer Language Architecture Control Codes What are Printer Commands?PCL Commands 4Introduction to HP PCL HP-GL/2 CommandsPJL Commands Two-character escape sequences have the following form Syntax of Escape SequencesTwo-Character Escape Sequences 6Introduction to HP PCL Parameterized Escape SequencesParameterized Character a character from ?&l1O and ?&l2A Case l for clarityCharacter and a termination character. This escape sequence 8Introduction to HP PCL Introduction 2The Logical More information Printed DotsHP LaserJet printer PCL coordinate system is defined as shown in Figure PCL Coordinate SystemCurrent top margin position Is changed PCL Units Units of the PCL Coordinate SystemDecipoints Columns & Rows HP-GL/2 Picture Frame Used. The default HP-GL/2 picture frame is the current topNot affected by the PCL print direction 6The At 300 DPI double for 600 DPI Printable AreaPortrait Logical Page & Printable Area Boundaries 8The Landscape Logical Page & Printable Area Boundaries Printable Area Character Cell Positioning Is positioned using the Left Registration command 10The Maintains four print environments the Factory Default Group of all of the printer’s current feature settingsDescribes the Factory Default Environment, the User Default Printer commands select other settings Default settings for specific printers, refer to Factory Default EnvironmentFactory Default Print Environment Features PCL Context Line Termination Picture Frame Width Factory Default Print Environment Features PCL ContextPicture Frame Height Pattern Rotation Macro ID 4The Print Environment Current Location Type Current Location Unit Scale Mode Factory Default Print Environment Features HP-GL/2 ContextSymbol Set Polygon Buffer Font Spacing Polygon Mode Pitch 6The Print Environment User Default Environment Items Not Included in Modified Print Environment Modified Print EnvironmentPCL Context HP-GL/2 Context Printers, refer to the PCL 5 Comparison Guide Printer Reset Resetting the Print EnvironmentCommand and the EC%-12345Xcommand Universal Exit Critical. Refer to -1 for an example of their usage Cold Reset 10The Print Environment Preamble Structure of a Typical Job 2PCL Job Control Commands Printer Reset Command ? % 1 2 3 4 5 Universal Exit Language Command 4PCL Job Control Commands Number of Copies CommandExample ? & l # Feature print in simplex mode front side of sheet only Simplex/Duplex Print CommandAre bound along the width of the physical page see Figure Be a concern if available user memory is critical Short-Edge Binding Mode Long-Edge Binding Mode ? & l # U Left Offset Registration Command= The number of decipoints 1/720 inch Negative values cause it to move right refer to -4 ? & l # Z Top Offset Registration Command8PCL Job Control Commands Short-Edge Binding Mode Offsets 10PCL Job Control Commands Duplex Page Side Selection Command?&a#G ?&a1G Separation, the command is ignored Job Separation Command? & l 1 T Separation will be performed Dual output bin feature, it is ignored Output Bin Selection Command12PCL Job Control Commands ? & l # G = 1 Upper Output Bin Lower Rear Output Bin ? & u # D Unit of Measure Command# =Number of units-per-inch Information Over 7200=0.3332 4801-3600over 3600=0.3336 Relative error when mapped to 360014PCL Job Control Commands Units moves the cursor 1.5 inches, whether printed at 300 or Dpi print resolution 16PCL Job Control Commands Command Control commands and data are associated with eachIf a number of consecutive pages within a job have the same Only once for that group of pages. Remember, once a PCL 2Page Control Commands Size Command? & l # a Paper ? & l3A LaserJet+, or the LaserJet 500+ printers ? & l # H 4Page Control CommandsTo feed paper from the manual feed slot, send ?&l2H # = 0 Portrait Landscape Reverse Portrait Reverse Landscape Logical Page Orientation Command? & l # O HP-GL/2 State Variables Orientation With Default Print Direction 8Page Control Commands Print Direction does not default HMI Print Direction CommandCommand ?&l#O or the HP-GL/2 RO command ? & a # P Changing Print Direction on a 10Page Control Commands Text Area Text Area Within 12Page Control Commands ? & a # L Left Margin Command# = Column number To set the left margin to column 5, send ?&a45M 14Page Control Commands Right Margin Command? & a # M To set the right margin to column 45, send Clear Horizontal Margins Command ? & l # E Top Margin Command?&l4E 16Page Control Commands Margin Cursor Positioning First line of the logical page is line ? & l # F Text Length Command?&l6ØF 18Page Control Commands ? & l # L Perforation Skip Command ? & k # H Horizontal Motion Index HMI Command20Page Control Commands Horizontal Motion Index HMI Command 22Page Control Commands Vertical Motion Index VMI Command? & l # C # = number of 1/48 inch increments between rows ?&l5.45C 5.45 = 7.5/66 x Common VMI Settings Line Spacing Command Cursor Positioning 2Cursor Positioning Absolute vs. Relative Cursor Positioning Cursor Positioning Units 4Cursor Positioning Width of a column is defined by the current HMI Horizontal Cursor Positioning Columns Command? & a # C = Number of Columns ? & a # H Horizontal Cursor Positioning Decipoints Command# = Number of Decipoints 1/720 inch 6Cursor Positioning ? * p # Horizontal Cursor Positioning PCL Units Command= Number of PCL Units Logical CR Carriage Return Horizontal Cursor Positioning Control CodesSP Space Inch, the HMI is rounded to the nearest 1/300 inch HT Horizontal Tab BS Backspace ? & a # R Vertical Cursor Positioning Rows Command= Number of Rows Position on = Number of Decipoints 1/720 inch Vertical Cursor Positioning Decipoints Command? & a # ? * p # Y Vertical Cursor Positioning PCL Units Command# = Number of PCL Units 12Cursor Positioning Vertical Cursor Positioning Control Codes Half-Line Feed CommandLF Line Feed FF Form Feed ? & k # G Line Termination Command# = 0- CR=CR LF=LF FF=FF 14Cursor Positioning ? & f # S Push/Pop Cursor Position Command 16Cursor Positioning Fonts 2Fonts Font Sources Printers. See for more information Symbol Set 4Fonts Spacing Height Pitch 6Fonts Stroke WeightStyle Typeface Typeface Family 8Fonts Orientation Bitmap Fonts and Scalable Typefaces 12 Scalable Character 11 Bitmap Character Special Effects Internal Fonts Fonts PCL Font Selection 2PCL Font Selection Font Selection PriorityFont Priority Considerations Font, followed by a 300 dpi bitmapped soft font Priority of Locations MediumÍ Font Select TableTypeface Family Courier 4PCL Font Selection Characteristics be sent to ensure that the correct font is Font ResolutionPrimary and Secondary Fonts Selection method. However, HP recommends that all 6PCL Font Selection Symbol Set CommandEC ID Secondary Symbol Set Command Symbol Set Name Symbol Set ID Typical Symbol Set ValuesExample ISO 6ASCII 8PCL Font Selection Bit ISO Symbol Sets Spacing Command 10PCL Font Selection Pitch Command Courier is very close to 60% of an Em, and 30 = 1 ÷ 0.64 ÷ Select table See Font Selection by ID Command later in thisVendor Chapter for more information 12PCL Font Selection Height Command To specify a height of 12 points for the primary font, send ID Command later in this chapter for more information Common Font Styles Style CommandValue Font Styles 14PCL Font Selection Described under Style MSB in Chapter 255 to 0-32767. This expansion allows for additional stylesAvailable for the next selection To specify an upright style for the primary font, send Stroke Weights Stroke Weight Command Instead To specify a bold stroke weight for the primary font, send Comparison Guide for typeface values Typeface Family CommandComparison Guide, for future typeface selection 18PCL Font Selection FamilyValue Typeface Family Sample Typeface ValuesECs4101T ECs0T 20PCL Font Selection Bitmap, Fixed-Spaced Font Font Selection Examples Scalable, Proportional-Spaced Font Eliminated before the selection process begins Summary of Font Selection by Characteristic 24PCL Font Selection Thinner stroke weight is selected Summary of Font Selection by Characteristic 26PCL Font Selection Font Selectionby ID CommandCharacteristic is not changed Characteristic is not affected by the default font command Select Default Font CommandHP-GL/2 Font Selection Examples 28PCL Font Selection Transparent Print Data Command Aligned or be the same thickness Underline CommandEC & d @ Disable underline 30PCL Font Selection Font Management 2Font Management Downloading Soft Fonts Temporary vs. Permanent Fonts Whenever the printer’s power is turned offDeleting Fonts Appropriate printer User’s Manual for specifics 4Font Management Font ID Command To remove all soft fonts from user memory, send Font Control CommandTo remove only those soft fonts that are temporary, send To delete the soft font with an ID of 1, send 6Font Management Designate the permanent soft font as primary Font Management Example Bound and Unbound Fonts Unbound Scalable FontsFont Selection and Unbound Fonts 8Font Management Complement number Symbol CollectionsVarious collections 10Font Management Character Complement NumbersCharacter Requirements Number Final Font Selection Symbol Set Mapping Table 12Font Management Roman-8 Symbol Index MappingMSL Index Unicode Index Character Code Decimal Hexadecimal Printing a Character 14Font Management Symbol Set Control EC*c#S User-Defined Symbol Sets # = Symbol Set ID Code decimal Symbol Set ID Code CommandSymbol Set ID code = # * 32 + ID 10-2User-Defined Symbol SetsPage Data format for the user-defined symbol set is shown Define Symbol SetUser-Defined Symbol Set Defintion Format 10-4User-Defined Symbol Sets Font Header Field Data Type Notation Header Size UIULI Unsigned Long Integer Symbol Set Type UB Encoded Symbol Set Designator UI10-6User-Defined Symbol Sets Format UB Specifies the first character code in the set First Code UILast Code UI 10-8User-Defined Symbol Sets Ascii required such as ISO 6 Ascii 001 Unicode Symbol IndexAscii not required French MSL 10-10User-Defined Symbol SetsBit Field Designated Use Value Hex Meaning Symbol Map Array of UI 10-12User-Defined Symbol Sets Symbol Set Control Command Symbol Map Data User-Defined Symbol Set ExamplesUnicode Symbol Index Example 10-14User-Defined Symbol Sets MSL Symbol Index Example Symbol Map Data 10-16User-Defined Symbol Sets Soft Font Creation Font Classifications Font ID Command Font HeaderHP LaserJet printer PCL bitmap, Intellifont scalable, 11-2Soft Font Creation This manual, for information on how to obtain this document Bitmap Fonts Coordinate SystemIntellifont Scalable Fonts Fonts to match the paper’s physical coordinate system Agfa Design Window TrueType Scalable Fonts Default Range Font Header CommandFont Header Format This chapter Byte 15 MSB LSB Format 0 Font Header for PCL Bitmapped Fonts Bitmapped Format 20 Font Header for Resolution-Specified15 MSB LSB 11-8Soft Font Creation Font Name Resolution Copyright optional Font Number 11-10Soft Font Creation Format 10 Font Header for Intellifont Bound Scalable Global Intellifont Data Size Format 10 Font Header for Intellifont Bound Master Underline Thickness Font Name Scale Factor ResolutionOr Threshold Global Italic Angle Character Complement Copyright optional Reserved Checksum Global Intellifont DataFormat 15 Font Header for TrueType Scalable Fonts Byte 15 MSB LSB0 11-14Soft Font Creation Data TypesFont Header Field Data Type Notation Header Format UB Font Descriptor Size UIFont Type UB Header Format Values Refer to for more information Style MSB UIValue Posture StyleWord partial sum Alternate Italic Multiply by 4 for StyleWord partial sum Appearance Width Cell Width UI Baseline Position UICell Height UI 11-18Soft Font Creation Character Cell Bitmap Orientation UB Spacing B Symbol Set UIBitmap Font Unsupported values invalidate font creation Scalable Font set to zero Pitch UI 11-22Soft Font Creation Height UIXHeight UI 14 Stroke Weight Values Stroke Weight SBWidth Type SB Style LSB UB Current Usage Typeface UBSemi Bold Demi Bold Extra Bold Black Extra Black Ultra Black Value Vendor Current Vendor Number Values 17 Typeface Family Value Previous Previous UsageVendor Version 18 Previous Vendor Number Values Value Serif Style Serif Style UBSerif Style Values 21 Bitmap Font Placement Values Placement SBQuality UB 19 Serif Style Values Underline Thickness UB Underline Position Distance SBText Height UI Text Width UI Pitch Extended UB Last Code / Number of Characters UIFont Type First Code../..Last Code 11-30Soft Font Creation Scalable Font Set Pitch Extended field to zero Height Extended UBCap Height UI Initial HexValue Vendor Name Font Number ULIAgfa Bigelow && Holmes Font Name ASC16 Resolution UIThis field is ignored by the printer for bitmap fonts Necessary for TrueType fonts Master Underline Position SI Scale Factor UIMaster Underline Thickness Height UI Font Scaling Technology UB Or Threshold UI Variety UBGlobal Italic Angle SI Global Intellifont Data Size UI 11-36Soft Font Creation MSL Symbol IndexUnicode Symbol Index Bit Value 27 MSL Symbol Index Character Complement Bits 11-38Soft Font Creation 28 Unicode Symbol Index Character Complement BitsUnicode Copyright ChecksumSegmented Font Data Format Segment 30 Segmented Font Data Segment Identifier UIValue Mnemonic Data Segment 11-40Soft Font Creation Formats of Data Segments Segment Size UIData segments with an unrecognized identifier are ignored GI Global Intellifont Data Reserved for future use If Intellifont Face Data Reserved for future use ChecksumPF PS-Compatible Font Name Reserved for future use 11-42Soft Font Creation Bitmap Example Font Header Examples First Code Last Code Intellifont Scalable ExamplePitch Extended Height Extended Cap Height 56.02% of Em Reference in Design 29.63% Em Default HMIDesign Height Points 11-46Soft Font Creation Font Header Examples 11-48Soft Font Creation Character Definitions =character code Character Code CommandSymbol index value 11-50Soft Font Creation Character Definition Command Character Descriptor and Data Format for PCL Bitmap Fonts Character Descriptor FormatsCharacter descriptors 34 Character Descriptors/Data Continuation Block 11-52Soft Font Creation Format UBFormat Continuation non-zero Raster Character Data in bytes Class UB Continuation BDescriptor Size UB 11-54Soft Font Creation Class 1 Bitmap DataClass 2 Compressed Bitmap Data Class 2 Character Data Left Offset SI Orientation UBTop Offset SI Portrait Landscape Reverse portrait Reverse landscape Character Height UI Character Width UIDelta X SI Character Data 11-58Soft Font Creation Portrait Character Example Landscape Character Example 11-60Soft Font Creation Reserved Checksum241 Intellifont Scalable Contour Data Format Contour Tree Data XY Coordinate Data 11-62Soft Font Creation LaserJet Family Raster Class 4 Intellifont Scalable Compound Character Data Class 3 -Intellifont Scalable Character Contour DataContour Data Size UI Metric Data Offset SI Contour Tree Offset SI Character Intellifont Data Offset SIXY Data Offset SI Metric Data Compound Character Escapement SI Character Descriptor and Data Format for TrueType FontsNumber of Components UB Component List 11-66Soft Font Creation Format Continuation Descriptor Size ClassCharacter Data Size Desc Glyph ID Intellifont Scalable Desc Size Beginning of TrueType Glyph Data 11-68Soft Font Creation Glyph ID UI Character Data Size UITrueType Glyph Data Checksum UB Bitmap Portrait Character Example Character Definition Examples52 Character Format, Continuation, and Descriptor 11-70Soft Font Creation Decimal Equivalent 53 Portrait Character Data ExampleDot Row 11-72Soft Font Creation Bitmap Landscape Character Example54 Character Format, Continuation and Descriptor 55 Landscape Character Data Example 11-74Soft Font Creation Printer, initiates the command sequence to print When printing letters, for example, which include a companyHP-GL/2 commands are not supported within macros on all Concern, a possible solution might be an HP custom macro 12-2Macros MacroDefinition End of the macro data definition Macro Creation 12-4Macros Macro Invocation HP-GL/2 Context Temporary / Permanent Macros Macro ID Deleting Macros# =Macro ID number To establish a macro ID number of 5, send Execute another macro two levels of nesting are allowed Macro Control 12-8Macros ROM-Based Macros Macro Control Example Macros PCL Print Model Pattern Source Transparency ModeSource Image Destination Image Opaque and Transparency Modes Pattern Transparency Mode 13-4The PCL Print Model Effect of Transparency Modes on Images Operation Comments Command Sequence 13-6The PCL Print Model Source Transparency Mode CommandEnd of Page Data Were opaque white rules erase black rules regardless Pattern Transparency Mode Command Default No pattern Range Pattern ID Area Fill ID CommandSelecting Cross-Hatch Selecting Shaded patterns Patterns Area Fill Graphics. It is duplicated here for convenience 13-10The PCL Print Model Shading Patterns Cross-Hatch Patterns Shading pattern Cross-hatch pattern User-defined pattern Select Current Pattern CommandPattern E #T and the Pattern ID E 13-12The PCL Print Model User-Defined Pattern Implementation User-Defined Pattern Graphics 13-14The PCL Print Model Pattern Reference PointTile point is moved for the next fill area Moving Pattern Reference Point for Pattern Filling Resolution-Specified User-Defined Pattern Header User-Defined Pattern CommandUser-Defined Pattern Header 300 dpi resolution Pixel Encoding Byte Format ByteContinuation Byte Master Y Resolution UI Master X Resolution UIReserved Byte Height in Pixels Bytes 4 User-defined Pattern Example 13-20The PCL Print Model FF FF Send the pattern header and binary data 13-22The PCL Print Model Set Pattern Reference Point Command Pattern Control Command 13-24The PCL Print Model 14-1,cross-hatch pattern -2, or user-defined Rectangular Area Fill Procedure 14-2PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Decipoints=E #H, or PCL Units=E *c#A Horizontal Rectangle Size PCL Units Command Horizontal Rectangle Size Decipoints CommandMeasure Command in Chapter Measure is set to 600 units-per-inch 14-4PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Vertical Rectangle Size Decipoints CommandVertical Rectangle Size PCL Units Command Selecting User-Defined patterns1 Selecting Shaded Patterns# = Thru 2 = 1- 2% shade Pattern #1 14-6PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Shading Patterns 14-8PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Fill Rectangular Area Command 14-10PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Pattern Transparency for Rectangular Area Fill 14-12PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Effect of Transparency Modes on Rectangular Areas Solid Fill Black/White Rectangular Area Fill ExamplesPre-defined Pattern Examples 14-14PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Shaded Fill Shaded Fill Example 14-16PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Cross-hatch Fill Patterned Fill Example 14-18PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics User-Defined Pattern Fill Example Raster Graphics 15-2Raster Graphics Raster AreaPage 15-4Raster Graphics Raster Graphics Command Sequence To the printable area Test, font printout, or power cycleRaster Compression are all true modes. Once specified, 15-6Raster Graphics Raster Graphics Resolution CommandRequires 540,000 bits Raster Graphics Expansion at 600 dpi Raster Graphics Expansion at 300 dpi Default Range Raster Raster Graphics Presentation Mode CommandOrientation Default Graphics Margin Portrait Logical page left bound Reverse portrait Landscape Landscape Dots in from the logical Top bound Reverse Raster Graphics Presentation Mode for Portrait Orientation 15-10Raster Graphics Raster Graphics Presentation Mode for Landscape Orientation Cursor Raster Height Command 15-12Raster Graphics Maximum Raster Height Raster Width Command 15-14Raster Graphics Start Raster Graphics Command Method nor the left raster graphics margin Raster Y Offset Command Unencoded Method Set Compression Method CommandRun-length Encoding Method 15-16Raster Graphics Tagged Image File Format Encoding Method Repeated Pattern Values Literal Pattern ValuesNo Operation Value Byte Number Bits Examples Run-length and Tiff Compression 15-20Raster Graphics Command byte1 to 8 Replacement bytesDelta Row Compression Method Command Byte 15-22Raster Graphics Seed Row Repeating a Row Printing a Zeroed Row Setting the Seed Row to ZeroNext delta row is applied to a zeroed seed row Previous row to be replicated 15-24Raster Graphics Example Delta Row CompressionByte Row Value Compression Operation Adaptive Compression Method 15-26Raster Graphics Empty RowDuplicate Row Adaptive Compression Operation Hints 15-28Raster Graphics Transfer Raster Data Command 15-30Raster Graphics End Raster Graphics Command Raster Graphics Example Command Data11 Example of Raster Graphic Image Data Dot Row Byte 15-32Raster Graphics 11Example of Raster Graphic Image Data 15-34Raster Graphics Status Readback Memory Status Request Example Memory Status RequestDescription Data 16-2Status Readback PCL Info Memory TOTAL=100000 LARGEST=25000 Entity StatusStatus response sent from printer to host Entity Status Request Example Example PCL Operation Command CommentsPCL Info Fonts Status Response Value field Status Response SyntaxIgnore lines with keywords they do not recognize Two example status responses are shown below Carriage Return decimal 13, Line Feed decimal 10, and Form Example listings, CR, LF, and FF identifyFeed decimal 12 control codes. The Esc following Control code decimal 16-8Status Readback Set Status Readback Location Type Command Location Type Unit Set Status Readback Location Unit CommandSet Status Readback Location Unit Command 16-10Status Readback Inquire Status Readback Entity Command SELECT= SYMBOLSETS= LOCTYPE= LOCUNIT= Symbol set are described belowEntity Status Responses Font Response 16-12Status Readback Bitmap FontsScalable Fonts Location Type 1 Currently Selected Font Unbound Scalable FontsSoft Fonts 16-14Status Readback LOCUNIT=1 None Font Extended Response 16-16Status Readback Macros and returns an error ERROR=NONEMacro Response Macro status response might appear as shown below User-Defined Pattern Response Symbol set response might appear as shown below Symbol Set ResponseUnit 16-18Status Readback Invalid Entity Invalid Location None Internal Error Entity Error Codes 16-20Status Readback Memory, an internal error is returned, as shown belowGiven Free Space Command 16-22Status Readback Memory Status ResponseFree Space status response returns two values LARGEST=25000 Memory Error Response All page data including the partial page will be processed Flush All Pages CommandIs processed and ejected from the paper path 16-24Status Readback Echo command followed by a Free Space command. The printer Echo Command 16-26Status Readback Echo command returns the following responseEcho Response Status Readback Programming Hints 16-28Status Readback 17-1 Learning HP-GL/2 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 1 HP-GL/2 Commands and Syntax HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 3 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 2 FN1 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 4FI1 Understanding HP-GL/2 Syntax HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 5SV1 TR1 Typical HP-GL/2 Command Notations Used to Express Syntax LT6,25,1 Omitting Optional Parameters LT6,1 Parameter FormatsLT6 Page PR, RA, RR, RT, and WG Down until a PD command is receivedPM1/PM2 forms of PM 17-12An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics ExampleBASIC Using HP-GL/2 With Programming Languages 17-14An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics ExampleC Programming Language Coordinate System to Match the PCL System in Chapter HP-GL/2 Coordinate System Mode Using the default HP-GL/2 coordinate system, the origin isParentheses X,Y for clarity. Do not use parentheses in your 17-16An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics HP-GL/2 & PCL Orientation Interactions Command modifies the default HP-GL/2 orientationMatches the PCL orientation. -7 shows how the RO Change in PCL print direction has no effect on the HP-GL/2 17-18An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Modifying HP-GL/2 Orientation on a Portrait Printer’s printable limits, see Chapter Vector Graphics Limits Plotter Units HP-GL/2 Units of MeasureUser-units PlotterUnits EquivalentValue Pen Status Pen Status and Location Command Group Commands That Include an Automatic Pen Down Pen Location 17-24An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Scaling Absolute Coordinates Absolute and Relative Pen Movement SC command is in effect As absolute plotter units unless a PR Plot Relative commandCoordinates as the opposite corner Numbers and therefore transmit less data over the I/O Picture Frame 18-2The Picture Frame Defining the Image AreaPCL Picture Frame Creating a Page Size-Independent Plot 18-4The Picture Frame Enlarged or reduced to fit the PCL Picture Frame the amountSize. See to specify an HP-GL/2 plot size Typical HP-GL/2 PlotCommand Sequence 18-6The Picture Frame Example Creating and Using a PCL Picture Frame Current HP-GL/2 pen position Horizontal Picture Frame Size When the print direction is set to 0 degrees the defaultWidth of the current logical Valid to 4 decimal places Vertical Picture Frame Size Decipoints Set Picture Frame Anchor Point Logical page and the default top marginPrint direction is Anchor point or the picture frame Range To 32767 valid to 4 decimal places DefaultHP-GL/2 Plot Horizontal Size 18-12The Picture Frame HP-GL/2 Plot Vertical Size EC%1B Enter HP-GL/2 ModeEC % # B Mapped to Enter PCL ModeEC%0A 18-14The Picture Frame Default Settings 18-16The Picture Frame Example Creating a Simple Drawing INSP1 Circle with a radius that is 25% PU50,50CI25Borders 18-18The Picture Frame Configuration and Status Group Command Summary Configuration and Status Group CommandsTo their default conditions 19-2The Configuration and Status Group Language mode, you should establish default conditions at Establishing Default ConditionsEnvironment and how it is affected by the reset command DF command is not as powerful as the in command. Scaling Points P1 and P2 Using the Scale Command19-4The Configuration and Status Group User-Unit Scaling with Default P1 and P2 Arc that falls within the effective window is printed 19-6The Configuration and Status Group New P1 and P2 User-Unit Scaling with Negative Values Enlarging or Reducing a Picture Using Scaling Effectively19-8The Configuration and Status Group EC%0B Example Changing the Size of a Drawing Drawing Equal-Size Pictures on a 19-10The Configuration and Status Group Reset the printer to complete the job Enter HP-GL/2 mode, usingExample Drawing Equal-Size Pictures on a EC&l1O Select landscape orientation Creating Mirror-Images 19-12The Configuration and Status Group Enter the PCL mode Enter HP-GL/2 modeSend a reset to end the job and eject Example Creating a Mirror-Image Subroutine 19-14The Configuration and Status GroupPA1,2PD1,4,3,4,3,7,2,7 Subroutine that prints the arrow figure on the next Example Adapting the HP-GL/2 Coordinate System Adapting the HP-GL/2 Coordinate System toMatch the PCL System EC%1A 19-16The Configuration and Status Group Enter the PCL mode with the CAP at 19-18The Configuration and Status Group Windowing Setting Up Soft-Clip LimitsFour Types of Line Segments Type From Last Point To New Point Default Conditions DF, Default ValuesFunction Command Default Condition CO, Comment SB0 19-20The Configuration and Status GroupLO1 IN, Initialize Related commands DF, RO, IP Affected Commands GroupPD, PU WU, PW IP, Input P1 and P2 Parameter Format Functional Range Default 19-24The Configuration and Status Group 11 Commands Affected by P1/P2 IW, Input Window RO, Rotate Coordinate System SC, Scale Related Commands GroupIR, Input Relative P1 and P2 IR, Input Relative P1 and P2 Functional Parameter Format Range Default19-26The Configuration and Status Group 10Example P1 and P2 command 19-28The Configuration and Status Group 13 Commands Affected by P1/P2 Current 30 to 2 30 IW, Input WindowIP, Input P1 and P2 19-30The Configuration and Status Group 15 Example The IW Command IW@ Lbthis is AN Example 19-32The Configuration and Status Group 13Example IW command Same position on the next PG, Advance Full 19-34The Configuration and Status Group RO commandRO, Rotate Coordinate System Angle of Rotation Location to reflect the new orientation Positive angle of rotationScaling points P1 and P2 rotate with the coordinate system Upper-right corners of the picture frame 19-36The Configuration and Status Group 15Using the RO Command Without Using the IP 16Using IP after the RO Command Input Relative P1 and P2 IW, Input Window 19-38The Configuration and Status Group RP, Replot Source defaults the HP-GL/2 pen positionIllustration, see Number of Copies Command in Chapter 19-40The Configuration and Status Group Real 30 to 2 30 No defaultSC, Scale Parameter Format Scaling Form Type Description For Scaling Types 0Scaling Form Syntax 19-42The Configuration and Status Group 18Isotropic Scaling Scaling Form Type Syntax 19-44The Configuration and Status GroupFor Scaling Type SC, Scale Condition Printer Response 23 Possible Error Conditions for SC Bezier Relative Draws a bezier curve using Vector Group CommandsPen location through two Absolute points 20-2The Vector Group Drawing LinesRelative points EC%ØA Example Drawing LinesEC%ØB Example Drawing Circles Drawing Circles%ØB %ØA Example Drawing Arcs To enable printingDrawing Arcs 20-6The Vector Group Draw the arc for 180 in a negative angleRotation Drawing arcs 2 20-8The Vector Group Drawing Bezier CurvesExample Drawing Bezier Curves AA, Arc Absolute Current units 30 to 2 30 No defaultSweep angle Clamped real 32768 to No default Chord angle 20-10The Vector Group SP1 Select pen number 1. Even though there is no Enable printing 20-12The Vector Group AR, Arc Relative Current 30 to 2 30 No defaultLA, Line Attributes LT, Line Type PW, Pen Width Circle that would be drawn if the arc was 360 degrees 20-14The Vector Group Example Using Arc Relative to Draw Arcs Line Type PW, Pen Width 20-16The Vector Group AT, Absolute Arc Three Point 10 Example Using the AT Command Pen down, and draw a line to PU650,450 PD1000,450PU3300,800 PD3500,800 Down, and draw a line to 3500,800 LT, Line Type PW,Pen Width BR, Bezier Relative Prpd 12 Example Using the BR Command Bezier RelativeSpecify relative plotting and pen down BR0,3048,4572,0 LT, Line Type PW, Pen Width BZ, Bezier Absolute AR, Arc RelativeCI, Circle RT, Relative Arc Three Point LA, Line Attributes 20-22The Vector Group 14 Example Using the BZ Command Bezier AbsoluteBZ, Bezier Absolute Specify relative plotting and pen 20-24The Vector Group BR, Bezier Relative AR, Arc Relative CI, Circle 20-26The Vector Group 16 Example Effects of Chord Angle on Circle Smoothness Send a reset to end the job 20-28The Vector Group LTCI5 RT, Relative Arc Three Point LA, Line Attributes EW, Edge WedgeWG, Fill Wedge SC, Scale 20-30The Vector Group PA, Plot Absolute PR, Plot Relative PD, Pen Down PU, Pen Up Line Attributes Line Type PW, Pen Width SM, Symbol ModePD, Pen Down 20-32The Vector Group 20 Example Using the Pen Down Command Polyline Encoded Plot Relative PU, Pen Up Line Attributes LT, Line Type PW, Pen Width SM, Symbol ModeCoordinate PE, Polyline Encoded Command. Also, you must use a semicolon to terminate PEFlag Character ‘’, ‘’, ‘’, ‘=’, or ‘7’ 20-34The Vector Group Flag Meaning Description Value Format Range PE while in polygon mode, the Select Pen command is ignoredPen number Integer Number of fractional binary bits 26 to 20-36The Vector Group 24 Procedure to encode a number Or base 32 equivalent 7-bit modeFraction adjustment. If you are You are encoding fractional data otherwise, begin with step 10,525 = roundIf x ≥ = 2 × Else = 2 × absx + Range Type Non-terminator Terminator 26 Procedure for determining base range25 Terminator and non-terminator characters 20-40The Vector Group Next order digit 64ths place 63 + 8 = CHR$ Specify the next coordinate in absolute mode PA or PE= Example Using the PE CommandWhen converting and encoding data, note the following MOD 64 = n.AND.63. The number is logically ANDd with 20-42The Vector Group ‘‘260 Lprint ’’ PD, Pen Down Plot Relative PU, Pen Up Line Attributes 20-44The Vector Group Increments Current 30 to 2 30 No default UnitsPR, Plot Relative Coordinate 28 Example Using the PR Command 20-46The Vector Group Pen UpPD, Pen Down Polyline Encoded Line Attributes Last unmatched coordinate 20-48The Vector Group RT, Relative Arc Three PointChord angle Clamped real 31 Example Using the RT Command Relative Arc Three Point Away, with an ending point 0,-1500 Current location, place the penPlu from the beginning of the arc 20-50The Vector Group From the starting point of the arc 20-52The Vector Group Polygon Group Polygon Group Commands 21-2The Polygon Group Using the Polygon BufferMnemonic Command Name Drawing Rectangles ?%0B Enter HP-GL/2 mode Initialize HP-GL/2 mode SP1Example Drawing Rectangles Pen to print HP-GL/2 images 21-4The Polygon Group Example Filled Rectangles Draw an edge around the rectangle that was Just drawn. Since the previous RR commandLeaves its definition in the polygon buffer 1500,1000, you do not need to specify 21-6The Polygon Group Drawing Wedges PA2500,3500 Specify absolute plotting and move to location ClarificationExample Drawing Wedges 21-8The Polygon Group Example Filling Wedges and Circles PA2300,2500FT3, 75,45 Wedge using the same centerHatching--parallel lines, with 75 plu Lines tilted at Drawing Polygons PR, Plot Relative PU, Pen Up RT, Relative Arc Three Point Drawing Subpolygons 21-12The Polygon Group Filling PolygonsEven/Odd Fill Method Filling Polygons Even/Odd Fill Method Non-Zero Winding Fill Method 21-14The Polygon Group Drawing Circles in Polygon Mode`Approximating Polygon Buffer Use Counting the Points in a Polygon 21-16The Polygon Group Counting the Points in a Circle or Arc Any two diagonally opposite corners EA, Edge Rectangle Absolute 21-18The Polygon Group Example Using EA to Draw Rectangles Lower left corner at 105,65 21-20The Polygon Group EP, Edge Polygon 10 Example Using the EP Command 21-22The Polygon Group EA, Edge Rectangle Absolute ER, Edge Rectangle Relative Are restoredStarting point of the rectangle. Increments are interpreted Two diagonally opposite corners 21-24The Polygon Group 12 Example Using ER to Draw Rectangles A point 40,-25 user-units away as Upper right cornerOpposite corner With the current pen location being one 21-26The Polygon Group EW, Edge Wedge 21-28The Polygon Group 17Anisotropic and Isotropic Scaling Radius -1000 sets the zero-degree 14 Example Using EW to Draw a Pie ChartAngle of 180. The minus sign before 21-30The Polygon Group FP, Fill Polygon Even/odd fill algorithm defaultTo be filled Non-zero winding fill algorithm Exit polygon mode Circle with a 500 plu radius and a 5 default17 Example Chord angle. Close the current polygon Related Commands Group PM0 or PM PM, Polygon Mode CommandPolygon Clamped Definition Integer 21-34The Polygon Group DF, Default Values Polygon Mode Allowable Commands GroupIN, Initialize AA, Arc Absolute Mode, earlier in this chapter for more details 21-36The Polygon Group PM1 PM2 20 Example Using the PM Command 21-38The Polygon Group PM2FPEP RA, Fill Rectangle Absolute Coordinates Current units 230to 230 No defaultCommand includes an automatic pen down. When the command 21-40The Polygon Group 22 Example Using the RA Command with Different Fill TypesLower left corner and 800,1200 as Related Commands Group 21-42The Polygon Group RR, Fill Rectangle Relative Example Using the RR Command with Different 21-44The Polygon Group 24 Example Using the RR Command with Different Fill Types WG, Fill Wedge 21-46The Polygon Group 26Fill Wedge with Scaling WG, Fill Wedge 21-48The Polygon Group 26 Example Filling then Edging vs Edging then Filling Chart Center point of the above circle is located at 0,0 When transparency mode TR command is opaque, filling thenFollowing example illustrates this 27 Example 21-50The Polygon Group FpepEpfp EW,Edge Wedge SC, Scale 21-52The Polygon Group Line and Fill Attributes Group Line and Fill Attribute Commands 22-2The Line and Fill Attributes Group Using Line Attributes and TypesWedges Line Types Attribute Commands Affectedby Line Types 22-4The Line and Fill Attributes Group Using Fill Types Fill Area Anchor Corner Selecting a Pen and Changing Line Width 22-6The Line and Fill Attributes Group AC, Anchor CornerExample Changing the Anchor Corner PA3000,3000 RR1000,1000 Rectangle ER1000,1000 ?%0A Enter the PCL mode 22-8The Line and Fill Attributes Group Fill Type Description Option1 Option2 FT, Fill Type Referenced from the positive plotter-unit X-axis, as shown HP-GL/2+X-axis to the -Y-axis 22-10The Line and Fill Attributes Group FT, Fill Type 22-12The Line and Fill Attributes Group HP-Defined Shading Patterns PCL Cross-Hatch Patterns Example Using the FT Command Upper right corner 2500 plu to the right Being the current pen locationSame rectangle 22-14The Line and Fill Attributes Group LA, Line Attributes 22-16The Line and Fill Attributes Group Attribute Kind Value Description Line Joins Line Ends 13Overlapping Line Ends without Line Join Selection 12Five Line Joins 14Miter Limit Miter Limit PD3100,1900 Line to 3100,1900 ?%0A Enter the PCL mode Example Using the LA CommandLA1,4 22-20The Line and Fill Attributes Group Related Commands Group Line type Clamped integer Solid line Restores previous LT99 Functional Parameter Format Range DefaultLT, Line Type 22-22The Line and Fill Attributes Group LA,Line Attributes 11 Commands that Affect LT1 LT8AC,Anchor Corner 22-24The Line and Fill Attributes Group 12 Commands that Affect LT99 Percentages 22-26The Line and Fill Attributes Group 17Line Type Patterns and Pattern Percentages FT,Fill Type 18Fixed and Adaptive Line Types 22-28The Line and Fill Attributes Group AA,Arc Absolute Width Clamped real 32768 to Dependent Pen Integer Black PW, Pen Width 22-30The Line and Fill Attributes Group 14 Example Using the PW Command SV, Screened Vectors WU, Pen Width Unit Selection 22-32The Line and Fill Attributes Group RF, Raster Fill Definition Indicates its color black or white Pen Number Represents a pixel in the pattern being definedWhite 16 Example Creating and Printing a Fill Pattern 22-34The Line and Fill Attributes Group FT, Fill Type SV, Screened Vectors SM, Symbol Mode 22-36The Line and Fill Attributes Group 18 Example Using the Symbol Mode CommandSMZ Related Commands Group 22-38The Line and Fill Attributes Group SP, Select Pen Screentype Clamped 2, 21 No screening solid Integer WU, Pen Width Unit Selection TR, Transparency ModeSV, Screened Vectors Shaded Fill Shading Ignored Description Option1 Option2Pattern Index Pen User-defined 22-40The Line and Fill Attributes Group FT, Fill Type PW, Pen Width RF, Raster Fill Definition 23 Possible Error Conditions 22-42The Line and Fill Attributes Group TR, Transparency ModeParameter Format Functional Range Default Clamped integer Transparency mode is defaulted by the ?E Reset, IN, or DF 23Transparency Mode = OFF 22-44The Line and Fill Attributes Group UL, User-Defined Line Type 24 Example Using the UL Command 22-46The Line and Fill Attributes Group 26 Possible Error ConditionsWU, Pen Width Unit Selection PW, Pen Width 22-48The Line and Fill Attributes Group CP,Character Plot Moves the pen the specified Character Group CommandsRendered 23-2The Character Group Printing Labels 23-4The Character Group Example Printing Labels Mnemonic Command Name1 Commands Updating Carriage Return Point to Current LocationMoving to the Carriage Return Point Absolute Arc Control Code DecimalCode Relative ArcBackspace Horizontal tab Line feed Shift Out1 Symbol Set Character Set Roman-8 Font Spacing Fixed Default Label ConditionsShift In2 Space Typeface HP-GL/2 Stick Character Size and Slant Enhancing LabelsCharacter Spaces and Text Lines 23-8The Character Group Label Orientation and Direction Label Orientation and Placement 23-10The Character Group Define Variable Text Path Command Terminating Labels Character Cell and HP-GL/2 Working with the Character CellTerm Description 23-12The Character Group Width Character Origin Character cell 23-14The Character Group Stick Font Character Cell Printing with Fixed-Spaced and Proportional Fonts Using Fonts 23-16The Character Group Fixed-Spaced Font Standard and Alternate Fonts Designating and Selecting Fonts Kind Characteristic Default Value Description Kind Clamped No default Integer Value Kind dependent RealAD, Alternate Font Definition 23-18The Character Group FN, Select Secondary Font LB, Label FI, Select Primary Font 23-20The Character Group CF, Character Fill Mode Increases in proportion with the point size Between each line, with the lines set at a CF1,1LBA Select character fill mode 1 edge and edgePR127,0 Move the pen position 127 plu to the right 23-22The Character Group DI, Absolute Direction Related Commands Groups CP, Character Plot Command to adjust the widthSpace width is uniquely defined for each font use the ES Control code is used 12Interaction of Label Direction and Parameter Sign 23-26The Character Group 10 Example Using the CP CommandSP1 Select pen number 1 black LINE$ LbaboveCP0,-.95LBBELOW LINECR-LF 23-28The Character Group Run or cos θ Clamped real 32768 to Rise or sin θ DI, Absolute Direction 23-30The Character Group 15Character Slope Rise and Run Illustration 16Effect of Horizontal and Vertical Text Paths 23-32The Character Group 18Label Print Direction Rise and Run Directioncr DI Command Label Direction14 Example Using the DI Command Carriage Return DI-1,-1LB Print the same word in the third quadrantDI-1,1LB Print the word in the fourth quadrant 23-34The Character Group 15 Example Another DI Example Error Condition Printer Response 17 Possible Error ConditionsBoth parameters = Ignores command Number out of range 23-36The Character Group DR, Relative Direction 23-38The Character Group 21Rise and Run Parameters 22Effects of Different Rise/Run Parameters 23-40The Character Group DR Command Label Direction Directional line, not necessarily on it ExampleUsing the DR Command DR,-1,-1LB1995 Set the label direction and print 20 Example Using the DR CommandDR,-1,0LB1996 Set the label direction and print 23-42The Character Group Related Commands Group DT, Define Label Terminator 22 Possible Error ConditionsETX 23-44The Character Group Label terminator will print.# This command would print asLabel terminator will not print 23-46The Character Group DV, Define Variable Text Path 26Four Text Paths 28DV Command Character Position for Normal 90 Parameter 27DV Command Character Position for Normal 0 Parameter 24 Example Using the DV Command ExampleUsing theDV Command 23-50The Character Group CP, Character Plot ES, Extra Space 26 Example Using the ES Command%0B Enter HP-GL/2 mode Initialize HP-GL/2 mode SP1 23-52The Character Group Related Commands Group 23-54The Character Group ExampleUsing the FI CommandFI, Select Primary Font 28 Example Using the FI Command AD, Alternate Font Definition FN, Select Secondary Font 30 Example Using the FN Command ExampleUsing the FN Command Font Carriage Return/Line Feed LBLaserJetPrinters Print LaserJet Printers in the currentlySelect the font 23-58The Character Group LB, Label 23-60The Character Group 32 Example Printing Text with the LB Command Related Commands Group 23-62The Character Group LO, Label Origin 33Label Origin Positioning 34 Example Using the LO Command 23-64The Character Group Small circle dot, and specifyLabel origin number Text Path Label Origin Position is updated using an average delta X space 23-66The Character Group SA, Select Alternate FontDV, Define Variable Text Path LB, Label Performance of the following HP-GL/2 commands Commands. The choice of scalable or bitmap fonts can affectSB, Scalable or Bitmap Fonts See table on next Command Limitation AffectedCommandsSD, Standard Font Definition 23-68The Character Group Kind 1 Symbol Set Kind 3 Pitch Kind 2 Font Spacing40 Kind 2 Font Spacing Values 41 Kind 3 Pitch Values Kind 4 Height Kind 6 Stroke WeightKind 5 Posture 42 Kind 4 Height Values Stroke WeightValue Description 44 Kind 6 Stroke Weight ValuesKind 7 Typeface Medium, Book or Text ExampleUsing the SD Command Right-to-left direction SI, Absolute Character SizeStick font characters 23-74The Character Group 46 Example Using the SI Command ExampleUsing the SI Command SI-.6,.9LBPrint# 23-76The Character Group SI.6,-.9LBPrint# SI-.6,-.9LBPrint# Related Commands Group 23-78The Character Group SL, Character Slant 49 Example Using the SL Command ExampleUsing the SL Command 23-80The Character Group DI, Absolute Direction DR, Relative Direction LB, Label SR, Relative Character Size Functional Parameter Format Range Default Set to default conditions An SR command remains in effect until another SR command isThey may look odd to your readers Appears normal 51 Example Using the SR Command ExampleUsing the SR Command 23-84The Character Group SS, Select Standard Font 23-86The Character Group TD, Transparent Data TD, Transparent Data 23-88The Character Group Programming Hints 24-2Programming Hints PCL Command ParsingJob stream may contain commands that are device specific Do not perform a printer reset within a job Support PJL. The ECE command should be included to ensureJob Control %-12345X Paper Source PCL Page ControlSize Text Area/Margins Fonts PCL Cursor Positioning 24-6Programming Hints Using HP-GL/2 text PCL Raster Graphics 24-8Programming Hints Macros HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Print Data PerformancePrint Overrun Protection Memory on many HP LaserJet printers. One exception is Frequent cause of Error 21 when printing graphics is thatRun Protection for the page size most often used Display Functions Mode Troubleshooting CommandsTo enable end-of-line wrap mode, send EC&s0C End-of-Line Wrap Disable Display Functions Mode Enable Display Functions Mode 24-14Programming Hints Auto Continue Mode Error Common Errors 24-16Programming Hints Help From Your Dealer Help From Your OrganizationHelp from HP CompuServe HP Forum HP’s Personal Peripherals Assist Line HP DistributionHP First Faxback support Customer Support-3 Customer Support-4 Aspect Ratio Auto-ContinueBaud Rate Bound and Unbound Fonts Configuration Menu ConfigurationCentronics I/O Character Descriptor Control Code DefaultControl Panel Current Active Position CAP Factory Default Escape Sequence or PCL CommandDownloading DTR Polarity Font Factory Default EnvironmentFont Cartridge Font Header Buffer Interface ConnectorHorizontal Motion Index HMI Landscape Internal FontsLogical Macro Negative angle of rotation MSL Master Symbol ListNon-volatile RAM Off-line/On-line Parallel I/O PCL CommandsPCL Coordination System Units PCL Units Point PitchPositive angle of rotation Primary Secondary Font Reset Printer CommandsPortrait Print Environment Robust-Xon ResolutionRow Rule Symbol Index Stroke WeightSerial I/O Soft Font UEL Universal Exit Language Command Symbol SetTreatment Typeface User Default Environment User DefaultUser-Defined Symbol Sets Unit of Measure VMI vertical motion index Vertical Motion Index VMI Index Symbols Index-18 Numerics Index-19 Index-20 Index-21 Index-22 Index-23 Index-24 Index-25 Index-26 Index-27 Index-28 Index-29 MSL Index-30 Index-31 Index-32 Index-33 Index-34 Index-35 Index-36 Index-37 VMI Index-38 Index-39 Index-40