Possible Error Conditions for SC | HP 5961-0509 manual

Figure 19-20Example: Printing point-to-point

Table 19-22

	Related Commands		Group

	IP,	Input P1 and P2	The Configuration/Status Group
	IR,	Input Relative P1 and P2
	IW, Input Window

	Table 19-23 Possible Error Conditions for SC

	Condition		Printer Response

	no parameters		turns scaling off

	more than 7 parameters		executes first 7 parameters

	for types 0 or 1: 6 parameters or		ignores command
	less than 4 parameters

	for type 2: any more or less than		ignores command
	5 parameters

	XMIN=XMAX or YMIN=YMAXor		ignores command
	number out of range

	XFACTOR=0 or YFACTOR=0		ignores command
19-46The Configuration and Status Group			EN

Image 460

HP 5961-0509 manual Possible Error Conditions for SC, Condition Printer Response

Contents

Page Page PCL 5 Printer LanguageTechnical Reference Manual HP Part No First Edition OctoberPage Printing History Trademark Credits Inside This Manual What You Can Learn From This ManualExperienced Users Non-technical Users Chapter Summaries Software packages, refer to HP’s Software Application NotesApplication notes can be obtained through the HP Forum on Brief description of each chapter is provided below Fonts Macros PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Viii Configuration and Status Group Related Documentation PCL 5 Comparison Guide Contents Print Environment Horizontal Cursor Positioning Decipoints Command Cursor Positioning UnitsDecipoints Columns & Rows BS Backspace HT Horizontal Tab Contents-4 MSL Symbol Index Example 10-14 10-210-4 10-5 11-29 Text Height UI 11-29First Code UI 11-30 Last Code / Number of Characters UI Height Extended UB 11-31 Cap Height UI Macro Control Example Symbol Set Response 16-18 Contents-816-6 16-8 17-2 17-317-9 Parameter Formats 17-10 19-3 19-419-8 Enlarging or Reducing a Picture 19-8 21-2 21-321-6 21-10 ExampleUsing the DR Command 23-41 ExampleUsing theDV Command 23-49ExampleUsing the FI Command 23-54 ExampleUsing the FN Command 23-57 Error HMI Contents-14 HP PCL PCL Printer Language Architecture 2Introduction to HP PCL PCL Commands What are Printer Commands?Control Codes PJL Commands HP-GL/2 Commands4Introduction to HP PCL Two-Character Escape Sequences Syntax of Escape SequencesTwo-character escape sequences have the following form Parameterized Character a character from Parameterized Escape Sequences6Introduction to HP PCL Character and a termination character. This escape sequence Case l for clarity?&l1O and ?&l2A 8Introduction to HP PCL Introduction Logical 2The HP LaserJet printer Printed DotsMore information PCL Coordinate System PCL coordinate system is defined as shown in FigureCurrent top margin position Is changed Units of the PCL Coordinate System PCL UnitsDecipoints Columns & Rows Used. The default HP-GL/2 picture frame is the current top HP-GL/2 Picture FrameNot affected by the PCL print direction 6The Portrait Logical Page & Printable Area Boundaries Printable AreaAt 300 DPI double for 600 DPI Landscape Logical Page & Printable Area Boundaries 8The Is positioned using the Left Registration command Printable Area Character Cell Positioning 10The Group of all of the printer’s current feature settings Maintains four print environments the Factory DefaultDescribes the Factory Default Environment, the User Default Printer commands select other settings Factory Default Environment Default settings for specific printers, refer toFactory Default Print Environment Features PCL Context Factory Default Print Environment Features PCL Context Line Termination Picture Frame WidthPicture Frame Height Pattern Rotation Macro ID Current Location Type Current Location Unit 4The Print Environment Symbol Set Polygon Buffer Font Spacing Polygon Mode Pitch Factory Default Print Environment Features HP-GL/2 ContextScale Mode User Default Environment 6The Print Environment Modified Print Environment Items Not Included in Modified Print EnvironmentPCL Context HP-GL/2 Context Printers, refer to the PCL 5 Comparison Guide Resetting the Print Environment Printer ResetCommand and the EC%-12345Xcommand Universal Exit Critical. Refer to -1 for an example of their usage Cold Reset 10The Print Environment Structure of a Typical Job Preamble Printer Reset Command 2PCL Job Control Commands Universal Exit Language Command ? % 1 2 3 4 5 Number of Copies Command 4PCL Job Control CommandsExample ? & l # Simplex/Duplex Print Command Feature print in simplex mode front side of sheet onlyAre bound along the width of the physical page see Figure Be a concern if available user memory is critical Long-Edge Binding Mode Short-Edge Binding Mode Left Offset Registration Command ? & l # U= The number of decipoints 1/720 inch Negative values cause it to move right refer to -4 8PCL Job Control Commands Top Offset Registration Command? & l # Z Short-Edge Binding Mode Offsets Duplex Page Side Selection Command 10PCL Job Control Commands?&a#G ?&a1G Job Separation Command Separation, the command is ignored? & l 1 T Separation will be performed Output Bin Selection Command Dual output bin feature, it is ignored12PCL Job Control Commands ? & l # G = 1 Upper Output Bin Lower Rear Output Bin Unit of Measure Command ? & u # D# =Number of units-per-inch Information 14PCL Job Control Commands Relative error when mapped to 3600Over 7200=0.3332 4801-3600over 3600=0.3336 Dpi print resolution Units moves the cursor 1.5 inches, whether printed at 300 or 16PCL Job Control Commands Control commands and data are associated with each CommandIf a number of consecutive pages within a job have the same Only once for that group of pages. Remember, once a PCL Size Command 2Page Control Commands? & l # a Paper LaserJet+, or the LaserJet 500+ printers ? & l3A 4Page Control Commands ? & l # HTo feed paper from the manual feed slot, send ?&l2H ? & l # O Logical Page Orientation Command# = 0 Portrait Landscape Reverse Portrait Reverse Landscape HP-GL/2 State Variables Orientation With Default Print Direction 8Page Control Commands Print Direction Command Print Direction does not default HMICommand ?&l#O or the HP-GL/2 RO command ? & a # P 10Page Control Commands Changing Print Direction on a Text Area 12Page Control Commands Text Area Within Left Margin Command ? & a # L# = Column number To set the left margin to column 5, send Right Margin Command ?&a45M 14Page Control Commands? & a # M To set the right margin to column 45, send Clear Horizontal Margins Command ?&l4E 16Page Control Commands Top Margin Command? & l # E First line of the logical page is line Margin Cursor Positioning ?&l6ØF 18Page Control Commands Text Length Command? & l # F Perforation Skip Command ? & l # L 20Page Control Commands Horizontal Motion Index HMI Command? & k # H Horizontal Motion Index HMI Command Vertical Motion Index VMI Command 22Page Control Commands? & l # C # = number of 1/48 inch increments between rows Common VMI Settings ?&l5.45C 5.45 = 7.5/66 x Line Spacing Command Cursor Positioning Absolute vs. Relative Cursor Positioning 2Cursor Positioning Cursor Positioning Units 4Cursor Positioning ? & a # C = Number of Columns Horizontal Cursor Positioning Columns CommandWidth of a column is defined by the current HMI Horizontal Cursor Positioning Decipoints Command ? & a # H# = Number of Decipoints 1/720 inch 6Cursor Positioning Horizontal Cursor Positioning PCL Units Command ? * p #= Number of PCL Units Logical Horizontal Cursor Positioning Control Codes CR Carriage ReturnSP Space Inch, the HMI is rounded to the nearest 1/300 inch BS Backspace HT Horizontal Tab Vertical Cursor Positioning Rows Command ? & a # R= Number of Rows Position on ? & a # Vertical Cursor Positioning Decipoints Command= Number of Decipoints 1/720 inch Vertical Cursor Positioning PCL Units Command ? * p # Y# = Number of PCL Units 12Cursor Positioning Half-Line Feed Command Vertical Cursor Positioning Control CodesLF Line Feed FF Form Feed Line Termination Command ? & k # G# = 0- CR=CR LF=LF FF=FF 14Cursor Positioning Push/Pop Cursor Position Command ? & f # S 16Cursor Positioning Fonts Font Sources 2Fonts Symbol Set Printers. See for more information Spacing 4Fonts Pitch Height Style Stroke Weight6Fonts Typeface Family Typeface Orientation 8Fonts Bitmap Fonts and Scalable Typefaces 11 Bitmap Character 12 Scalable Character Internal Fonts Special Effects Fonts PCL Font Selection Font Priority Considerations Font Selection Priority2PCL Font Selection Priority of Locations Font, followed by a 300 dpi bitmapped soft font Font Select Table MediumÍTypeface Family Courier 4PCL Font Selection Font Resolution Characteristics be sent to ensure that the correct font isPrimary and Secondary Fonts Selection method. However, HP recommends that all EC ID Secondary Symbol Set Command Symbol Set Command6PCL Font Selection Typical Symbol Set Values Symbol Set Name Symbol Set IDExample ISO 6ASCII Bit ISO Symbol Sets 8PCL Font Selection Spacing Command Pitch Command 10PCL Font Selection Select table See Font Selection by ID Command later in this Courier is very close to 60% of an Em, and 30 = 1 ÷ 0.64 ÷Vendor Chapter for more information Height Command 12PCL Font Selection ID Command later in this chapter for more information To specify a height of 12 points for the primary font, send Style Command Common Font StylesValue Font Styles 14PCL Font Selection 255 to 0-32767. This expansion allows for additional styles Described under Style MSB in ChapterAvailable for the next selection To specify an upright style for the primary font, send Stroke Weight Command Stroke Weights To specify a bold stroke weight for the primary font, send Instead Typeface Family Command Comparison Guide for typeface valuesComparison Guide, for future typeface selection 18PCL Font Selection Sample Typeface Values FamilyValue Typeface FamilyECs4101T ECs0T 20PCL Font Selection Font Selection Examples Bitmap, Fixed-Spaced Font Scalable, Proportional-Spaced Font Summary of Font Selection by Characteristic Eliminated before the selection process begins Thinner stroke weight is selected 24PCL Font Selection Summary of Font Selection by Characteristic Characteristic is not changed Font Selectionby ID Command26PCL Font Selection Select Default Font Command Characteristic is not affected by the default font commandHP-GL/2 Font Selection Examples Transparent Print Data Command 28PCL Font Selection EC & d @ Disable underline Underline CommandAligned or be the same thickness 30PCL Font Selection Font Management Downloading Soft Fonts 2Font Management Whenever the printer’s power is turned off Temporary vs. Permanent FontsDeleting Fonts Appropriate printer User’s Manual for specifics Font ID Command 4Font Management Font Control Command To remove all soft fonts from user memory, sendTo remove only those soft fonts that are temporary, send To delete the soft font with an ID of 1, send 6Font Management Font Management Example Designate the permanent soft font as primary Unbound Scalable Fonts Bound and Unbound FontsFont Selection and Unbound Fonts 8Font Management Various collections Symbol CollectionsComplement number Character Requirements Number Character Complement Numbers10Font Management Symbol Set Mapping Table Final Font Selection MSL Index Unicode Index Character Code Decimal Hexadecimal Roman-8 Symbol Index Mapping12Font Management Printing a Character 14Font Management User-Defined Symbol Sets Symbol Set Control EC*c#S Symbol Set ID Code Command # = Symbol Set ID Code decimalSymbol Set ID code = # * 32 + ID 10-2User-Defined Symbol SetsPage Define Symbol Set Data format for the user-defined symbol set is shownUser-Defined Symbol Set Defintion Format 10-4User-Defined Symbol Sets Header Size UI Font Header Field Data Type NotationULI Unsigned Long Integer Encoded Symbol Set Designator UI Symbol Set Type UB10-6User-Defined Symbol Sets Format UB Last Code UI First Code UISpecifies the first character code in the set 10-8User-Defined Symbol Sets 001 Unicode Symbol Index Ascii required such as ISO 6 AsciiAscii not required French Bit Field Designated Use Value Hex Meaning 10-10User-Defined Symbol SetsMSL Symbol Map Array of UI Symbol Set Control Command 10-12User-Defined Symbol Sets Unicode Symbol Index Example User-Defined Symbol Set ExamplesSymbol Map Data MSL Symbol Index Example 10-14User-Defined Symbol Sets Symbol Map Data 10-16User-Defined Symbol Sets Soft Font Creation Font ID Command Font Header Font ClassificationsHP LaserJet printer PCL bitmap, Intellifont scalable, 11-2Soft Font Creation This manual, for information on how to obtain this document Coordinate System Bitmap FontsIntellifont Scalable Fonts Fonts to match the paper’s physical coordinate system TrueType Scalable Fonts Agfa Design Window Font Header Command Default RangeFont Header Format This chapter Format 0 Font Header for PCL Bitmapped Fonts Byte 15 MSB LSB Format 20 Font Header for Resolution-Specified Bitmapped15 MSB LSB 11-8Soft Font Creation Font Name Resolution Copyright optional Format 10 Font Header for Intellifont Bound Scalable Font Number 11-10Soft Font Creation Format 10 Font Header for Intellifont Bound Global Intellifont Data Size Font Name Scale Factor Resolution Master Underline ThicknessOr Threshold Global Italic Angle Character Complement Global Intellifont Data Copyright optional Reserved ChecksumFormat 15 Font Header for TrueType Scalable Fonts Byte 15 MSB LSB0 Font Header Field Data Type Notation Data Types11-14Soft Font Creation Font Descriptor Size UI Header Format UBFont Type UB Header Format Values Style MSB UI Refer to for more informationValue Posture StyleWord partial sum Alternate Italic Appearance Width Multiply by 4 for StyleWord partial sum Baseline Position UI Cell Width UICell Height UI 11-18Soft Font Creation Orientation UB Character Cell Bitmap Symbol Set UI Spacing BBitmap Font Unsupported values invalidate font creation Scalable Font set to zero Pitch UI XHeight UI Height UI11-22Soft Font Creation Stroke Weight SB 14 Stroke Weight ValuesWidth Type SB Style LSB UB Typeface UB Current UsageSemi Bold Demi Bold Extra Bold Black Extra Black Ultra Black Current Vendor Number Values Value Vendor Previous Usage 17 Typeface Family Value PreviousVendor Version 18 Previous Vendor Number Values Serif Style Values Serif Style UBValue Serif Style Placement SB 21 Bitmap Font Placement ValuesQuality UB 19 Serif Style Values Underline Position Distance SB Underline Thickness UBText Height UI Text Width UI Last Code / Number of Characters UI Pitch Extended UBFont Type First Code../..Last Code 11-30Soft Font Creation Cap Height UI Height Extended UBScalable Font Set Pitch Extended field to zero Font Number ULI Initial HexValue Vendor NameAgfa Bigelow && Holmes Resolution UI Font Name ASC16This field is ignored by the printer for bitmap fonts Necessary for TrueType fonts Scale Factor UI Master Underline Position SIMaster Underline Thickness Height UI Font Scaling Technology UB Variety UB Or Threshold UIGlobal Italic Angle SI Global Intellifont Data Size UI Unicode Symbol Index MSL Symbol Index11-36Soft Font Creation 27 MSL Symbol Index Character Complement Bits Bit Value Unicode 28 Unicode Symbol Index Character Complement Bits11-38Soft Font Creation Checksum CopyrightSegmented Font Data Format Segment Segment Identifier UI 30 Segmented Font DataValue Mnemonic Data Segment 11-40Soft Font Creation Segment Size UI Formats of Data SegmentsData segments with an unrecognized identifier are ignored GI Global Intellifont Data Reserved for future use Checksum If Intellifont Face Data Reserved for future usePF PS-Compatible Font Name Reserved for future use 11-42Soft Font Creation Font Header Examples Bitmap Example Intellifont Scalable Example First Code Last CodePitch Extended Height Extended Cap Height 56.02% of Em 29.63% Em Default HMI Reference in DesignDesign Height Points 11-46Soft Font Creation Font Header Examples Character Definitions 11-48Soft Font Creation Symbol index value Character Code Command=character code Character Definition Command 11-50Soft Font Creation Character Descriptor Formats Character Descriptor and Data Format for PCL Bitmap FontsCharacter descriptors 34 Character Descriptors/Data Continuation Block Format Continuation non-zero Raster Character Data in bytes Format UB11-52Soft Font Creation Descriptor Size UB Continuation BClass UB Class 2 Compressed Bitmap Data Class 1 Bitmap Data11-54Soft Font Creation Class 2 Character Data Orientation UB Left Offset SITop Offset SI Portrait Landscape Reverse portrait Reverse landscape Character Width UI Character Height UIDelta X SI Character Data Portrait Character Example 11-58Soft Font Creation Landscape Character Example 41 Intellifont Scalable Contour Data Format Reserved Checksum211-60Soft Font Creation Contour Tree Data XY Coordinate Data LaserJet Family Raster 11-62Soft Font Creation Class 3 -Intellifont Scalable Character Contour Data Class 4 Intellifont Scalable Compound Character DataContour Data Size UI Metric Data Offset SI Character Intellifont Data Offset SI Contour Tree Offset SIXY Data Offset SI Metric Data Character Descriptor and Data Format for TrueType Fonts Compound Character Escapement SINumber of Components UB Component List Character Data Size Desc Glyph ID Format Continuation Descriptor Size Class11-66Soft Font Creation Desc Size Beginning of TrueType Glyph Data Intellifont Scalable 11-68Soft Font Creation Character Data Size UI Glyph ID UITrueType Glyph Data Checksum UB Character Definition Examples Bitmap Portrait Character Example52 Character Format, Continuation, and Descriptor 11-70Soft Font Creation Dot Row 53 Portrait Character Data ExampleDecimal Equivalent 54 Character Format, Continuation and Descriptor Bitmap Landscape Character Example11-72Soft Font Creation 55 Landscape Character Data Example 11-74Soft Font Creation When printing letters, for example, which include a company Printer, initiates the command sequence to printHP-GL/2 commands are not supported within macros on all Concern, a possible solution might be an HP custom macro 12-2Macros Macro Creation MacroDefinition End of the macro data definition Macro Invocation 12-4Macros Temporary / Permanent Macros HP-GL/2 Context Deleting Macros Macro ID# =Macro ID number To establish a macro ID number of 5, send Macro Control Execute another macro two levels of nesting are allowed ROM-Based Macros 12-8Macros Macro Control Example Macros PCL Print Model Source Transparency Mode PatternSource Image Destination Image Pattern Transparency Mode Opaque and Transparency Modes Effect of Transparency Modes on Images 13-4The PCL Print Model Command Sequence Operation Comments End of Page Data Source Transparency Mode Command13-6The PCL Print Model Pattern Transparency Mode Command Were opaque white rules erase black rules regardless Pattern ID Area Fill ID Command Default No pattern RangeSelecting Cross-Hatch Selecting Shaded patterns Patterns Area Fill Graphics. It is duplicated here for convenience Shading Patterns 13-10The PCL Print Model Cross-Hatch Patterns Select Current Pattern Command Shading pattern Cross-hatch pattern User-defined patternPattern E #T and the Pattern ID E 13-12The PCL Print Model User-Defined Pattern Graphics User-Defined Pattern Implementation Tile point is moved for the next fill area Pattern Reference Point13-14The PCL Print Model Moving Pattern Reference Point for Pattern Filling User-Defined Pattern Header 300 dpi resolution User-Defined Pattern CommandResolution-Specified User-Defined Pattern Header Continuation Byte Format BytePixel Encoding Byte Master X Resolution UI Master Y Resolution UIReserved Byte Height in Pixels Bytes 4 User-defined Pattern Example 13-20The PCL Print Model Send the pattern header and binary data FF FF Set Pattern Reference Point Command 13-22The PCL Print Model Pattern Control Command 13-24The PCL Print Model Rectangular Area Fill Procedure 14-1,cross-hatch pattern -2, or user-defined Decipoints=E #H, or PCL Units=E *c#A 14-2PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Horizontal Rectangle Size Decipoints Command Horizontal Rectangle Size PCL Units CommandMeasure Command in Chapter Measure is set to 600 units-per-inch Vertical Rectangle Size PCL Units Command Vertical Rectangle Size Decipoints Command14-4PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics # = Thru 2 = 1- 2% shade Pattern #1 Selecting Shaded PatternsSelecting User-Defined patterns1 14-6PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Shading Patterns 14-8PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Fill Rectangular Area Command 14-10PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Pattern Transparency for Rectangular Area Fill Effect of Transparency Modes on Rectangular Areas 14-12PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Pre-defined Pattern Examples Rectangular Area Fill ExamplesSolid Fill Black/White Shaded Fill 14-14PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Shaded Fill Example Cross-hatch Fill 14-16PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Patterned Fill Example User-Defined Pattern Fill Example 14-18PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Raster Graphics Raster Area 15-2Raster GraphicsPage Raster Graphics Command Sequence 15-4Raster Graphics Raster Compression are all true modes. Once specified, Test, font printout, or power cycleTo the printable area Requires 540,000 bits Raster Graphics Resolution Command15-6Raster Graphics Raster Graphics Expansion at 300 dpi Raster Graphics Expansion at 600 dpi Raster Graphics Presentation Mode Command Default Range RasterOrientation Default Graphics Margin Portrait Logical page left bound Reverse portrait Landscape Raster Graphics Presentation Mode for Portrait Orientation Landscape Dots in from the logical Top bound Reverse Raster Graphics Presentation Mode for Landscape Orientation 15-10Raster Graphics Raster Height Command Cursor Maximum Raster Height 15-12Raster Graphics Raster Width Command Start Raster Graphics Command 15-14Raster Graphics Raster Y Offset Command Method nor the left raster graphics margin Set Compression Method Command Unencoded MethodRun-length Encoding Method 15-16Raster Graphics Tagged Image File Format Encoding Method No Operation Value Literal Pattern ValuesRepeated Pattern Values Examples Run-length and Tiff Compression Byte Number Bits Delta Row Compression Method Command byte1 to 8 Replacement bytes15-20Raster Graphics Command Byte Seed Row 15-22Raster Graphics Printing a Zeroed Row Setting the Seed Row to Zero Repeating a RowNext delta row is applied to a zeroed seed row Previous row to be replicated Byte Row Example Delta Row Compression15-24Raster Graphics Adaptive Compression Method Value Compression Operation Duplicate Row Empty Row15-26Raster Graphics Adaptive Compression Operation Hints 15-28Raster Graphics Transfer Raster Data Command End Raster Graphics Command 15-30Raster Graphics Command Data Raster Graphics Example11 Example of Raster Graphic Image Data Dot Row Byte 15-32Raster Graphics 11Example of Raster Graphic Image Data 15-34Raster Graphics Status Readback Memory Status Request Memory Status Request ExampleDescription Data 16-2Status Readback Status response sent from printer to host Entity StatusPCL Info Memory TOTAL=100000 LARGEST=25000 Example PCL Operation Command Comments Entity Status Request ExamplePCL Info Fonts Status Response Status Response Syntax Value fieldIgnore lines with keywords they do not recognize Two example status responses are shown below Example listings, CR, LF, and FF identify Carriage Return decimal 13, Line Feed decimal 10, and FormFeed decimal 12 control codes. The Esc following Control code decimal Set Status Readback Location Type Command 16-8Status Readback Set Status Readback Location Unit Command Set Status Readback Location Unit CommandLocation Type Unit Inquire Status Readback Entity Command 16-10Status Readback Symbol set are described below SELECT= SYMBOLSETS= LOCTYPE= LOCUNIT=Entity Status Responses Font Response Scalable Fonts Bitmap Fonts16-12Status Readback Soft Fonts Unbound Scalable FontsLocation Type 1 Currently Selected Font LOCUNIT=1 16-14Status Readback Font Extended Response None Macro Response Macros and returns an error ERROR=NONE16-16Status Readback User-Defined Pattern Response Macro status response might appear as shown below Symbol Set Response Symbol set response might appear as shown belowUnit 16-18Status Readback Entity Error Codes Invalid Entity Invalid Location None Internal Error Given Memory, an internal error is returned, as shown below16-20Status Readback Free Space Command Free Space status response returns two values Memory Status Response16-22Status Readback Memory Error Response LARGEST=25000 Flush All Pages Command All page data including the partial page will be processedIs processed and ejected from the paper path 16-24Status Readback Echo Command Echo command followed by a Free Space command. The printer Echo Response Echo command returns the following response16-26Status Readback Status Readback Programming Hints 16-28Status Readback 17-1 Learning HP-GL/2 HP-GL/2 Commands and Syntax HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 1 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 2 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 3 FI1 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 4FN1 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 5 Understanding HP-GL/2 SyntaxSV1 TR1 Typical HP-GL/2 Command Notations Used to Express Syntax Omitting Optional Parameters LT6,25,1 LT6 Parameter FormatsLT6,1 Page Down until a PD command is received PR, RA, RR, RT, and WGPM1/PM2 forms of PM 17-12An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Using HP-GL/2 With Programming Languages ExampleBASIC ExampleC Programming Language 17-14An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics HP-GL/2 Coordinate System Coordinate System to Match the PCL System in Chapter Using the default HP-GL/2 coordinate system, the origin is ModeParentheses X,Y for clarity. Do not use parentheses in your 17-16An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Command modifies the default HP-GL/2 orientation HP-GL/2 & PCL Orientation InteractionsMatches the PCL orientation. -7 shows how the RO Change in PCL print direction has no effect on the HP-GL/2 Modifying HP-GL/2 Orientation on a Portrait 17-18An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Vector Graphics Limits Printer’s printable limits, see Chapter HP-GL/2 Units of Measure Plotter UnitsUser-units PlotterUnits EquivalentValue Pen Status and Location Pen Status Commands That Include an Automatic Pen Down Command Group Pen Location Scaling 17-24An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Absolute and Relative Pen Movement Absolute Coordinates As absolute plotter units unless a PR Plot Relative command SC command is in effectCoordinates as the opposite corner Numbers and therefore transmit less data over the I/O Picture Frame Defining the Image AreaPCL Picture Frame 18-2The Picture Frame Creating a Page Size-Independent Plot Size. See to specify an HP-GL/2 plot size Enlarged or reduced to fit the PCL Picture Frame the amount18-4The Picture Frame Typical HP-GL/2 PlotCommand Sequence Example Creating and Using a PCL Picture Frame 18-6The Picture Frame Current HP-GL/2 pen position When the print direction is set to 0 degrees the default Horizontal Picture Frame SizeWidth of the current logical Valid to 4 decimal places Vertical Picture Frame Size Decipoints Logical page and the default top margin Set Picture Frame Anchor PointPrint direction is Anchor point or the picture frame HP-GL/2 Plot Horizontal Size DefaultRange To 32767 valid to 4 decimal places HP-GL/2 Plot Vertical Size 18-12The Picture Frame EC % # B Enter HP-GL/2 ModeEC%1B Enter PCL Mode Mapped toEC%0A 18-14The Picture Frame Default Settings Example Creating a Simple Drawing 18-16The Picture Frame INSP1 PU50,50CI25 Circle with a radius that is 25%Borders 18-18The Picture Frame Configuration and Status Group Configuration and Status Group Commands Command SummaryTo their default conditions 19-2The Configuration and Status Group Establishing Default Conditions Language mode, you should establish default conditions atEnvironment and how it is affected by the reset command DF command is not as powerful as the in command. 19-4The Configuration and Status Group Using the Scale CommandScaling Points P1 and P2 User-Unit Scaling with Default P1 and P2 19-6The Configuration and Status Group Arc that falls within the effective window is printed New P1 and P2 User-Unit Scaling with Negative Values 19-8The Configuration and Status Group Using Scaling EffectivelyEnlarging or Reducing a Picture Example Changing the Size of a Drawing EC%0B 19-10The Configuration and Status Group Drawing Equal-Size Pictures on a Enter HP-GL/2 mode, using Reset the printer to complete the jobExample Drawing Equal-Size Pictures on a EC&l1O Select landscape orientation 19-12The Configuration and Status Group Creating Mirror-Images Enter HP-GL/2 mode Enter the PCL modeSend a reset to end the job and eject Example Creating a Mirror-Image 19-14The Configuration and Status Group SubroutinePA1,2PD1,4,3,4,3,7,2,7 Subroutine that prints the arrow figure on the next Match the PCL System Adapting the HP-GL/2 Coordinate System toExample Adapting the HP-GL/2 Coordinate System 19-16The Configuration and Status Group EC%1A Enter the PCL mode with the CAP at Windowing Setting Up Soft-Clip Limits 19-18The Configuration and Status GroupFour Types of Line Segments Type From Last Point To New Point DF, Default Values Default ConditionsFunction Command Default Condition CO, Comment LO1 19-20The Configuration and Status GroupSB0 Related commands IN, Initialize Affected Commands Group DF, RO, IPPD, PU WU, PW Parameter Format Functional Range Default IP, Input P1 and P2 11 Commands Affected by P1/P2 19-24The Configuration and Status Group IR, Input Relative P1 and P2 Related Commands GroupIW, Input Window RO, Rotate Coordinate System SC, Scale 19-26The Configuration and Status Group Functional Parameter Format Range DefaultIR, Input Relative P1 and P2 10Example P1 and P2 command 13 Commands Affected by P1/P2 19-28The Configuration and Status Group IP, Input P1 and P2 IW, Input WindowCurrent 30 to 2 30 15 Example The IW Command 19-30The Configuration and Status Group Lbthis is AN Example IW@ 13Example IW command 19-32The Configuration and Status Group PG, Advance Full Same position on the next RO command 19-34The Configuration and Status GroupRO, Rotate Coordinate System Angle of Rotation Positive angle of rotation Location to reflect the new orientationScaling points P1 and P2 rotate with the coordinate system Upper-right corners of the picture frame 15Using the RO Command Without Using the IP 19-36The Configuration and Status Group 16Using IP after the RO Command 19-38The Configuration and Status Group Input Relative P1 and P2 IW, Input Window Illustration, see Number of Copies Command in Chapter Source defaults the HP-GL/2 pen positionRP, Replot Real 30 to 2 30 No default 19-40The Configuration and Status GroupSC, Scale Parameter Format For Scaling Types 0 Scaling Form Type DescriptionScaling Form Syntax 19-42The Configuration and Status Group 18Isotropic Scaling For Scaling Type 19-44The Configuration and Status GroupScaling Form Type Syntax SC, Scale 23 Possible Error Conditions for SC Condition Printer Response Vector Group Commands Bezier Relative Draws a bezier curve usingPen location through two Absolute points Relative points Drawing Lines20-2The Vector Group EC%ØB Example Drawing LinesEC%ØA Drawing Circles Example Drawing Circles%ØB %ØA Drawing Arcs To enable printingExample Drawing Arcs Rotation Draw the arc for 180 in a negative angle20-6The Vector Group Drawing arcs 2 Example Drawing Bezier Curves Drawing Bezier Curves20-8The Vector Group Sweep angle Clamped real 32768 to No default Chord angle Current units 30 to 2 30 No defaultAA, Arc Absolute 20-10The Vector Group Enable printing SP1 Select pen number 1. Even though there is no 20-12The Vector Group Current 30 to 2 30 No default AR, Arc RelativeLA, Line Attributes LT, Line Type PW, Pen Width Circle that would be drawn if the arc was 360 degrees Example Using Arc Relative to Draw Arcs 20-14The Vector Group Line Type PW, Pen Width AT, Absolute Arc Three Point 20-16The Vector Group 10 Example Using the AT Command PU650,450 PD1000,450 Pen down, and draw a line toPU3300,800 PD3500,800 Down, and draw a line to 3500,800 BR, Bezier Relative LT, Line Type PW,Pen Width 12 Example Using the BR Command Bezier Relative PrpdSpecify relative plotting and pen down BR0,3048,4572,0 CI, Circle RT, Relative Arc Three Point LA, Line Attributes BZ, Bezier Absolute AR, Arc RelativeLT, Line Type PW, Pen Width BZ, Bezier Absolute 14 Example Using the BZ Command Bezier Absolute20-22The Vector Group Specify relative plotting and pen BR, Bezier Relative AR, Arc Relative 20-24The Vector Group CI, Circle 16 Example Effects of Chord Angle on Circle Smoothness 20-26The Vector Group Send a reset to end the job LTCI5 20-28The Vector Group WG, Fill Wedge SC, Scale EW, Edge WedgeRT, Relative Arc Three Point LA, Line Attributes PA, Plot Absolute 20-30The Vector Group PD, Pen Down Line Type PW, Pen Width SM, Symbol ModePR, Plot Relative PD, Pen Down PU, Pen Up Line Attributes 20 Example Using the Pen Down Command 20-32The Vector Group Coordinate LT, Line Type PW, Pen Width SM, Symbol ModePolyline Encoded Plot Relative PU, Pen Up Line Attributes Command. Also, you must use a semicolon to terminate PE PE, Polyline EncodedFlag Character ‘’, ‘’, ‘’, ‘=’, or ‘7’ 20-34The Vector Group Flag Meaning Description PE while in polygon mode, the Select Pen command is ignored Value Format RangePen number Integer Number of fractional binary bits 26 to 20-36The Vector Group Or base 32 equivalent 7-bit mode 24 Procedure to encode a numberFraction adjustment. If you are You are encoding fractional data otherwise, begin with step = round 10,525If x ≥ = 2 × Else = 2 × absx + 25 Terminator and non-terminator characters 26 Procedure for determining base rangeRange Type Non-terminator Terminator Next order digit 64ths place 63 + 8 = CHR$ 20-40The Vector Group Example Using the PE Command Specify the next coordinate in absolute mode PA or PE=When converting and encoding data, note the following MOD 64 = n.AND.63. The number is logically ANDd with ‘‘260 Lprint ’’ 20-42The Vector Group PD, Pen Down Plot Relative PU, Pen Up Line Attributes PR, Plot Relative Increments Current 30 to 2 30 No default Units20-44The Vector Group 28 Example Using the PR Command Coordinate PD, Pen Down Polyline Encoded Line Attributes Pen Up20-46The Vector Group Last unmatched coordinate Chord angle Clamped real RT, Relative Arc Three Point20-48The Vector Group 31 Example Using the RT Command Relative Arc Three Point Current location, place the pen Away, with an ending point 0,-1500Plu from the beginning of the arc 20-50The Vector Group From the starting point of the arc 20-52The Vector Group Polygon Group Commands Polygon Group Mnemonic Command Name Using the Polygon Buffer21-2The Polygon Group ?%0B Enter HP-GL/2 mode Initialize HP-GL/2 mode SP1 Drawing RectanglesExample Drawing Rectangles Pen to print HP-GL/2 images Example Filled Rectangles 21-4The Polygon Group Just drawn. Since the previous RR command Draw an edge around the rectangle that wasLeaves its definition in the polygon buffer 1500,1000, you do not need to specify Drawing Wedges 21-6The Polygon Group Example Drawing Wedges ClarificationPA2500,3500 Specify absolute plotting and move to location Example Filling Wedges and Circles 21-8The Polygon Group Wedge using the same center PA2300,2500FT3, 75,45Hatching--parallel lines, with 75 plu Lines tilted at Drawing Polygons Drawing Subpolygons PR, Plot Relative PU, Pen Up RT, Relative Arc Three Point Even/Odd Fill Method Filling Polygons21-12The Polygon Group Non-Zero Winding Fill Method Filling Polygons Even/Odd Fill Method `Approximating Polygon Buffer Use Drawing Circles in Polygon Mode21-14The Polygon Group Counting the Points in a Polygon Counting the Points in a Circle or Arc 21-16The Polygon Group EA, Edge Rectangle Absolute Any two diagonally opposite corners Example Using EA to Draw Rectangles 21-18The Polygon Group Lower left corner at 105,65 21-20The Polygon Group 10 Example Using the EP Command EP, Edge Polygon EA, Edge Rectangle Absolute 21-22The Polygon Group Are restored ER, Edge Rectangle RelativeStarting point of the rectangle. Increments are interpreted Two diagonally opposite corners 12 Example Using ER to Draw Rectangles 21-24The Polygon Group Upper right corner A point 40,-25 user-units away asOpposite corner With the current pen location being one 21-26The Polygon Group EW, Edge Wedge 17Anisotropic and Isotropic Scaling 21-28The Polygon Group Angle of 180. The minus sign before 14 Example Using EW to Draw a Pie ChartRadius -1000 sets the zero-degree 21-30The Polygon Group Even/odd fill algorithm default FP, Fill PolygonTo be filled Non-zero winding fill algorithm Circle with a 500 plu radius and a 5 default Exit polygon mode17 Example Chord angle. Close the current polygon Related Commands Group PM, Polygon Mode Command PM0 or PMPolygon Clamped Definition Integer 21-34The Polygon Group Polygon Mode Allowable Commands Group DF, Default ValuesIN, Initialize AA, Arc Absolute Mode, earlier in this chapter for more details PM1 21-36The Polygon Group 20 Example Using the PM Command PM2 PM2FPEP 21-38The Polygon Group Command includes an automatic pen down. When the command Coordinates Current units 230to 230 No defaultRA, Fill Rectangle Absolute Lower left corner and 800,1200 as 22 Example Using the RA Command with Different Fill Types21-40The Polygon Group Related Commands Group RR, Fill Rectangle Relative 21-42The Polygon Group Example Using the RR Command with Different 24 Example Using the RR Command with Different Fill Types 21-44The Polygon Group WG, Fill Wedge 26Fill Wedge with Scaling 21-46The Polygon Group WG, Fill Wedge 26 Example Filling then Edging vs Edging then Filling Chart 21-48The Polygon Group When transparency mode TR command is opaque, filling then Center point of the above circle is located at 0,0Following example illustrates this 27 Example Epfp Fpep21-50The Polygon Group EW,Edge Wedge SC, Scale 21-52The Polygon Group Line and Fill Attribute Commands Line and Fill Attributes Group Wedges Using Line Attributes and Types22-2The Line and Fill Attributes Group Commands Affectedby Line Types Line Types Attribute Using Fill Types 22-4The Line and Fill Attributes Group Selecting a Pen and Changing Line Width Fill Area Anchor Corner Example Changing the Anchor Corner AC, Anchor Corner22-6The Line and Fill Attributes Group RR1000,1000 Rectangle ER1000,1000 ?%0A Enter the PCL mode PA3000,3000 22-8The Line and Fill Attributes Group FT, Fill Type Fill Type Description Option1 Option2 HP-GL/2 Referenced from the positive plotter-unit X-axis, as shown+X-axis to the -Y-axis 22-10The Line and Fill Attributes Group FT, Fill Type HP-Defined Shading Patterns 22-12The Line and Fill Attributes Group Example Using the FT Command PCL Cross-Hatch Patterns Being the current pen location Upper right corner 2500 plu to the rightSame rectangle 22-14The Line and Fill Attributes Group LA, Line Attributes Attribute Kind Value Description 22-16The Line and Fill Attributes Group Line Ends Line Joins 12Five Line Joins 13Overlapping Line Ends without Line Join Selection Miter Limit 14Miter Limit Example Using the LA Command PD3100,1900 Line to 3100,1900 ?%0A Enter the PCL modeLA1,4 22-20The Line and Fill Attributes Group Related Commands Group LT99 Functional Parameter Format Range Default Line type Clamped integer Solid line Restores previousLT, Line Type 22-22The Line and Fill Attributes Group AC,Anchor Corner 11 Commands that Affect LT1 LT8LA,Line Attributes 12 Commands that Affect LT99 22-24The Line and Fill Attributes Group Percentages 17Line Type Patterns and Pattern Percentages 22-26The Line and Fill Attributes Group 18Fixed and Adaptive Line Types FT,Fill Type AA,Arc Absolute 22-28The Line and Fill Attributes Group PW, Pen Width Width Clamped real 32768 to Dependent Pen Integer Black 14 Example Using the PW Command 22-30The Line and Fill Attributes Group SV, Screened Vectors WU, Pen Width Unit Selection RF, Raster Fill Definition 22-32The Line and Fill Attributes Group Pen Number Represents a pixel in the pattern being defined Indicates its color black or whiteWhite 16 Example Creating and Printing a Fill Pattern FT, Fill Type SV, Screened Vectors 22-34The Line and Fill Attributes Group SM, Symbol Mode SMZ 18 Example Using the Symbol Mode Command22-36The Line and Fill Attributes Group Related Commands Group SP, Select Pen 22-38The Line and Fill Attributes Group SV, Screened Vectors WU, Pen Width Unit Selection TR, Transparency ModeScreentype Clamped 2, 21 No screening solid Integer Description Option1 Option2 Shaded Fill Shading IgnoredPattern Index Pen User-defined 22-40The Line and Fill Attributes Group 23 Possible Error Conditions FT, Fill Type PW, Pen Width RF, Raster Fill Definition Parameter Format Functional Range Default Clamped integer TR, Transparency Mode22-42The Line and Fill Attributes Group 23Transparency Mode = OFF Transparency mode is defaulted by the ?E Reset, IN, or DF UL, User-Defined Line Type 22-44The Line and Fill Attributes Group 24 Example Using the UL Command WU, Pen Width Unit Selection 26 Possible Error Conditions22-46The Line and Fill Attributes Group PW, Pen Width 22-48The Line and Fill Attributes Group Rendered Character Group CommandsCP,Character Plot Moves the pen the specified 23-2The Character Group Printing Labels Example Printing Labels 23-4The Character Group Commands Updating Carriage Return Point to Current Location Mnemonic Command Name1Moving to the Carriage Return Point Absolute Arc Relative Arc Control Code DecimalCodeBackspace Horizontal tab Line feed Shift Out1 Default Label Conditions Symbol Set Character Set Roman-8 Font Spacing FixedShift In2 Space Typeface HP-GL/2 Stick Enhancing Labels Character Size and SlantCharacter Spaces and Text Lines 23-8The Character Group Label Orientation and Placement Label Orientation and Direction Define Variable Text Path Command 23-10The Character Group Terminating Labels Working with the Character Cell Character Cell and HP-GL/2Term Description 23-12The Character Group Origin Character cell Width Character Stick Font Character Cell 23-14The Character Group Using Fonts Printing with Fixed-Spaced and Proportional Fonts Fixed-Spaced Font 23-16The Character Group Designating and Selecting Fonts Standard and Alternate Fonts Kind Clamped No default Integer Value Kind dependent Real Kind Characteristic Default Value DescriptionAD, Alternate Font Definition 23-18The Character Group FI, Select Primary Font FN, Select Secondary Font LB, Label CF, Character Fill Mode 23-20The Character Group Increases in proportion with the point size CF1,1LBA Select character fill mode 1 edge and edge Between each line, with the lines set at aPR127,0 Move the pen position 127 plu to the right 23-22The Character Group Related Commands Groups DI, Absolute Direction Command to adjust the width CP, Character PlotSpace width is uniquely defined for each font use the ES Control code is used 12Interaction of Label Direction and Parameter Sign SP1 Select pen number 1 black 10 Example Using the CP Command23-26The Character Group Lbabove LINE$CP0,-.95LBBELOW LINECR-LF 23-28The Character Group DI, Absolute Direction Run or cos θ Clamped real 32768 to Rise or sin θ 15Character Slope Rise and Run 23-30The Character Group 16Effect of Horizontal and Vertical Text Paths Illustration 18Label Print Direction Rise and Run 23-32The Character Group 14 Example Using the DI Command DI Command Label DirectionDirectioncr DI-1,-1LB Print the same word in the third quadrant Carriage ReturnDI-1,1LB Print the word in the fourth quadrant 23-34The Character Group 15 Example Another DI Example 17 Possible Error Conditions Error Condition Printer ResponseBoth parameters = Ignores command Number out of range 23-36The Character Group DR, Relative Direction 21Rise and Run Parameters 23-38The Character Group 22Effects of Different Rise/Run Parameters DR Command Label Direction 23-40The Character Group ExampleUsing the DR Command Directional line, not necessarily on it 20 Example Using the DR Command DR,-1,-1LB1995 Set the label direction and printDR,-1,0LB1996 Set the label direction and print 23-42The Character Group Related Commands Group 22 Possible Error Conditions DT, Define Label TerminatorETX 23-44The Character Group Label terminator will not print This command would print asLabel terminator will print.# DV, Define Variable Text Path 23-46The Character Group 26Four Text Paths 27DV Command Character Position for Normal 0 Parameter 28DV Command Character Position for Normal 90 Parameter ExampleUsing theDV Command 24 Example Using the DV Command CP, Character Plot 23-50The Character Group %0B Enter HP-GL/2 mode Initialize HP-GL/2 mode SP1 26 Example Using the ES CommandES, Extra Space 23-52The Character Group Related Commands Group FI, Select Primary Font ExampleUsing the FI Command23-54The Character Group 28 Example Using the FI Command FN, Select Secondary Font AD, Alternate Font Definition ExampleUsing the FN Command 30 Example Using the FN Command LBLaserJetPrinters Print LaserJet Printers in the currently Font Carriage Return/Line FeedSelect the font 23-58The Character Group LB, Label 32 Example Printing Text with the LB Command 23-60The Character Group Related Commands Group LO, Label Origin 23-62The Character Group 34 Example Using the LO Command 33Label Origin Positioning Label origin number Small circle dot, and specify23-64The Character Group Position is updated using an average delta X space Text Path Label Origin DV, Define Variable Text Path LB, Label SA, Select Alternate Font23-66The Character Group Commands. The choice of scalable or bitmap fonts can affect Performance of the following HP-GL/2 commandsSB, Scalable or Bitmap Fonts See table on next AffectedCommands Command LimitationSD, Standard Font Definition 23-68The Character Group Kind 1 Symbol Set Kind 2 Font Spacing Kind 3 Pitch40 Kind 2 Font Spacing Values 41 Kind 3 Pitch Values Kind 6 Stroke Weight Kind 4 HeightKind 5 Posture 42 Kind 4 Height Values 44 Kind 6 Stroke Weight Values Stroke WeightValue DescriptionKind 7 Typeface Medium, Book or Text ExampleUsing the SD Command SI, Absolute Character Size Right-to-left directionStick font characters 23-74The Character Group ExampleUsing the SI Command 46 Example Using the SI Command SI-.6,.9LBPrint# 23-76The Character Group SI-.6,-.9LBPrint# Related Commands Group SI.6,-.9LBPrint# SL, Character Slant 23-78The Character Group ExampleUsing the SL Command 49 Example Using the SL Command DI, Absolute Direction DR, Relative Direction LB, Label 23-80The Character Group Functional Parameter Format Range Default SR, Relative Character Size An SR command remains in effect until another SR command is Set to default conditionsThey may look odd to your readers Appears normal ExampleUsing the SR Command 51 Example Using the SR Command 23-84The Character Group SS, Select Standard Font TD, Transparent Data 23-86The Character Group TD, Transparent Data 23-88The Character Group Programming Hints Job stream may contain commands that are device specific PCL Command Parsing24-2Programming Hints Support PJL. The ECE command should be included to ensure Do not perform a printer reset within a jobJob Control %-12345X PCL Page Control Paper SourceSize Text Area/Margins PCL Cursor Positioning Fonts Using HP-GL/2 text 24-6Programming Hints PCL Raster Graphics Macros 24-8Programming Hints HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Performance Print DataPrint Overrun Protection Frequent cause of Error 21 when printing graphics is that Memory on many HP LaserJet printers. One exception isRun Protection for the page size most often used Troubleshooting Commands Display Functions ModeTo enable end-of-line wrap mode, send EC&s0C End-of-Line Wrap Enable Display Functions Mode Disable Display Functions Mode Auto Continue Mode 24-14Programming Hints Common Errors Error 24-16Programming Hints Help From Your Organization Help From Your DealerHelp from HP CompuServe HP Forum HP First Faxback support HP DistributionHP’s Personal Peripherals Assist Line Customer Support-3 Customer Support-4 Auto-Continue Aspect RatioBaud Rate Bound and Unbound Fonts Configuration Configuration MenuCentronics I/O Character Descriptor Default Control CodeControl Panel Current Active Position CAP Escape Sequence or PCL Command Factory DefaultDownloading DTR Polarity Factory Default Environment FontFont Cartridge Font Header Horizontal Motion Index HMI Interface ConnectorBuffer Internal Fonts LandscapeLogical Macro MSL Master Symbol List Negative angle of rotationNon-volatile RAM Off-line/On-line PCL Commands Parallel I/OPCL Coordination System Units PCL Units Pitch PointPositive angle of rotation Primary Secondary Font Printer Commands ResetPortrait Print Environment Resolution Robust-XonRow Rule Stroke Weight Symbol IndexSerial I/O Soft Font Symbol Set UEL Universal Exit Language CommandTreatment Typeface User Default User Default EnvironmentUser-Defined Symbol Sets Unit of Measure Vertical Motion Index VMI VMI vertical motion index Symbols Index Numerics Index-18 Index-19 Index-20 Index-21 Index-22 Index-23 Index-24 Index-25 Index-26 Index-27 Index-28 Index-29 Index-30 MSL Index-31 Index-32 Index-33 Index-34 Index-35 Index-36 Index-37 Index-38 VMI Index-39 Index-40