Bert Primer/ Technical Articles | Tektronix 071-0590-00 manual

BERT Primer/ Technical Articles

Section Table of Contents

∙BERT Primer, see page B-2

Technical Articles

∙BERT - First and last measurement tool for transmission device design acceptability, see page B-13

∙Ensure Accuracy of Bit Error Rate Tests, see page B-21

∙Measure Error Rates Quickly and Accurately, see page B-32

GB1400 User Manual

B-1

Image 175

Tektronix 071-0590-00 user manual Bert Primer/ Technical Articles

Contents

This document supports firmware version 2.2 and above Page Warranty TEK-WIDE How to Reach Customer Service Table of Contents Tutorial Table of Contents Menus Theory of Operation Glossary Glossary-1 Index Index-1 Gpib List of Figures List of Tables Safety Static Sensitive Device Notice SMA ConnectorsBehavior of Outputs Turning Power On or Off Do Not Remove Instrument Covers Conventions How This Manual is Organized Related Manuals Xvi Getting Started Features GB1400 Pattern Generator and Error Detector Sample Applications Symmetrical, Low-Jitter Output WaveformsApplications Prbs Or User-Defined Test Patterns Burst Mode Adjustable Inputs For Maximum FlexibilityAuto Search For Easy Setup Powerful Analysis And Reporting Functions GB1400R Ordering InformationGigaBERT GB1400 GB1400T GB Comparison GB660/CSA907A GB700 GB1400 Feature Tx and Rx GB1400 with Burst Option GB1400 Instrument Configurations Standard and Burst Option Procedure Initial Self-Check ProcedurePage Operating Basics Functional Overview Example, Bert Application Bert Basics GB1400 Clock Data Front Panel, GB1400 Generator Tx Controls, Indicators and Connectors Front Panel, GB1400 Analyzer RX Frequency kHz Pattern Output Display Formats1405000 PN23 Generator Tx Display Analyzer RX Display Frequency kHz Error Rate TotalizeDelay/ Memory 1405000 0E-06 2410538 PN23Page Outputs and Inputs Generator Output Connectors Section= clock bar = not clock Generator Clock Section Generator Output Section Changing the Line Fuse Generator Rear Panel Analyzer Input Section Analyzer Monitor Section Analyzer Rear Panel Connectors, Terminations, and Levels DATA/DATA BAR View Angle and Panel Lock Keys Controls and IndicatorsPower Switches Reset to Factory Default Gpib Section Controls Pattern Controls and Function Keys Analyzer Inputs Function Soft Keys F1, F2, F3, and F4 Generator Error Inject Section Affected Input Allowable Control Sync Loss Analyzer Error History Section Analyzer Sync Controls Analyzer Error Detection Section Burst Mode Option Specifications for Burst Mode Burst Mode Usage Data Value Transmitter Burst Mode Option Pecl Option for GB1400 Tx Display SettingECL Levels Pecl Levels Equipment Required Basic Bert testing with the GB1400Key Feature of Tutorial Objective of Tutorial Instrument Connections and Controls Setup units with default settings Connect the Generator to the Analyzer Setup Generator for PRBS-23 Mode Setup Analyzer for AUTO-SEARCH Operation Turn off Auto Search and change Generator Outputs Change the Prbs pattern type Key several times to setup the analyzer for totalize You are starting to detect the data signal Data signal not detected. SelectedYour data signal Error Rate display shows no Data or a 50% Error Rate This Concludes the Tutorial Two Auto Search Synchronization Methods Applications Phase Application Note Auto Search Synchronization Auto Search Algorithm Fast Method Auto Search will find the Data DelayAuto Search will find the Data V-THRESHOLD voltage Auto Search will find the Data Pattern and Polarity II. Auto Search Algorithm BER MethodAuto Search will then attempt to find the Data Pattern Auto Search will determine the Data Delay Page Consideration In Determining The Eye Data Width Delay SpecificationsConsideration In Determining The Data Eye Center Fiber Optic Link Test Example GB700/ GB1400 Optical Component Test Fibre Channel Link Testing Parallel and High-speed Serial Qpsk Testing Qpsk Modems, I & Q Channel Bert Qpsk BER Testing using Prbs Data for 2-Channel I & Q Application Example Reference Selecting 115 VAC or 230 VAC Operation Turning Instrument Power ON/OFFMenu Overview Functions Common to Generator TX and Analyzer RX Pattern Definitions Recalling the Default SetupSelecting a Pattern Locking the Front Panel Prbs 2n-1 Test Patterns Selecting the Active PatternSelecting Prbs Patterns Selecting the Current Word Pattern Word Selecting RECALLing a Saved Word Pattern Standard Instruments Creating Word Patterns Using Front Panel ControlsWord Patterns Basics Instruments Equipped with 1-Mbit Option Length Fill Creating Word Patterns Using MenusOrder Creating Word Patterns Under Remote Control Recalling Word Patterns 1-Mbit Memory Option Saving Word Patterns 1-Mbit Memory Option Clock Source Generator TX FunctionsClock Source and Frequency External Clock Input Recalling a Frequency Saving a Frequency Overview Data and Clock Outputs Generator Clock and Data Output Equivalent Circuits Amplitude and Baseline Offset Output Setup Rules vs. Termination Impedance Logically Inverting Output Data D-INV Pattern Sync and CLOCK/4 Outputs Procedure for Single-ended Operation TX onlyProcedure for Differential Operation TX only Single-ended or Differential Operation Selecting an Error Inject Mode Error Injection Procedure to Control Error Injection Mode Error Inject InputData Inhibit Logic Auto Search Key Automatic Setup Functions SyncDisable Key Analyzer RX Functions Auto Search With Prbs Patterns Actions Taken by Analyzer when Synchronization is Lost Relationship between Auto Search and Disable How to Disable Automatic Pattern ResynchronizationAuto Search with Non-PRBS Patterns Synchronization Lock Threshold Procedure to Set Sync ThresholdSynchronization Threshold Input Parameters Clock, Data, and Reference Data Inputs Controls Input Data DelayHow F2 and F3 Determine Which Input Can be Set Up Procedure to Add Delay Input Termination Procedure for Selecting Input TerminationInput Terminations for CLOCK, DATA, and REF Data Logically Inverting Input Data Input Decision ThresholdInput Threshold Range as a Function of Termination Procedure for Selecting the Reference Data Mode Selecting the Reference Data ModeSingled-ended or Differential Operation Monitor Outputs Output Setup BER Error Detection Set Up How Window Results Are Measured How Totalize Results are Measured Window Measurement Process How Test Results Are Measured Test Measurement Process How to Tell Which Display Mode is Active Display Mode Totalize, Window, or TestTotalize Process Set Up Procedure to Select a Results Display Mode Procedure Window Process Set Up Test Process Set Up All Other Results Test Process only BER and Bit ErrorsProcedure to View Desired BER and Bit Error Results Viewing Results Printing Results Reports Basic Report Setup Procedure Example Analyzer Setup Report Analyzer Setup Report End-of-Test Reports Procedure to Enable or Disable End-of-Test ReportsExample End-of-Test Report End-of-Window Reports Procedure to Enable or Disable End-of-Window ReportsExample End-of-Window Report Procedure to Generate an On-Demand Test Summary Report On-Error ReportsExample On-Error Report Procedure to Enable On-Error Reports BER = TE / TB Result DefinitionsAll Other Results Test Intervals Only ES = TSE US Panel. These indicators will latch on when the indicated Error History IndicatorsAnalyzer performance history indicators are Located in the Error History section of the front Audio Beeper Function Analyzer Error MessagesProcedure To Set Up the Audio Alert Function Clear Control Procedure for Stopping the Test Process Procedure for Starting the Test Measurement ProcessStarting and Stopping Measurements Starting New Totalize and Window Measurement Intervals Menu and Function Pages Functions Performed Using the Menu SystemExample Procedure Illustrating Menus and Functions Menus More Length Mode Report F1ESC F4SET Test Mode = Untimed F1ESC F4SET Reports on = EOT/ERROR General Rules for Using the Menu System 10. Menu Descriptions Menu Summaries 11. Analyzer Menu System Overview Word 12. Generator Menu System Overview Menu Function Definitions Format F1ESC F2- -F3 F4SETWord AT ddddd = bbbbbbbb Word Edit Edit Word Length Length F1ESC F2- -F3 F4SET LENmmmmm Bytes + n BitsWord Length Word Fill Fill Fill Word Memory WITHhh Word Order Order F1ESC F4SET Word Order = ccc FirstWord Order Word Synchronization Threshold Sync Word Sync Thres LEVEL= dWord Sync Buffer Buffer Fast BER Auto Test Length Length F1ESC F2- -F3 F4SET Test Length = hhmmssTest Length Test Mode Mode F1ESC F4SET Test Mode = cccccccTest Mode Test Reports Report F1ESC F4SET Reports on = cccccccccTest Report Test Threshold Thres F1ESC F4SET Error Threshold = eeeeeTest Thres Test Squelch Squel On Error Squelch = cccTest Squel Test Print Test Print Print Test View Previous VIEW-PRE F1ESC F4SET result namecount %Test VIEW-PRE Test VIEW-CUR Test View Current VIEW-CUR Window Mode Mode F1ESC F4SET Window Mode = cccccccWindow Mode Window Bits FormatF1ESC F4SET Window LEN = 1.0eEE Bits Window Interval in Bits Bits Window Interval in HrsMinSec Second F1ESC F2- -F3 F4SET Window LEN = hhmmssWindow Second Window Reports Report END of Window Print = cccWindow Report RS-232 Baud Rate Baud Baud = ddddBaud RS-232 Parity Parity F1ESC F4SET Parity = ccccParity RS-232 Data Bits Size Size = dSize RS-232 End-of-Line Char. EOL F1ESC F4SET EOL = cccccEOL RS-232 Xon/Xoff XON/XOFF F1ESC F4SET XON/XOFF Enable = cccXON/XOFF RS-232 Echo Echo F1ESC F4SET RS232 Echo Enable = cccEcho F1ESC F4SET Terminator = cccccc Util Option Utility Option Option Util VER Utility Version VER Time Option Date F1ESC F2- -F3 F4SET Date = mmm dd yyDate Time Option Time F1ESC F2- -F3 F4SET Time = hhmmssTime Reference Appendices SMA GB1400 Generator TXInternal Clock Source External Clock Source Data Output True and Complement Data Patterns NRZ-L Rear Panel Auxiliary Outputs Phase A, Phase B, Clock/2Error Injection Clock Output True and Complement RS-232 and Gpib Interfaces AC-Power RequirementsMechanical Clock Input GB1400 AnalyzerData Input Reference Data Input Synchronization AUX BER Measurements Printer Interface Specifications Bert Primer/ Technical Articles Bert used to test physical layer Bert DefinitionBert Building Blocks Prbs Patterns Bert Pattern Generation Prbs Doutput Prbs Generation Circuits a few sample diagrams Other Tx Patterns Data Coding, NRZ Bert Receiver or Error Analyzer ComponentsBert Clock Output Amplifiers BER Computation Error ComparatorReceived Data Pattern Reference Data Input Amplifiers Additional Reading Confidence Requires Collecting Many ErrorsStress Testing Confidence Level in BER Measurement Eye Width Measurement Other Bert FeaturesAuto-Synch Pattern Lock Error InsertionPattern Loading Software Jitter Generation Bit error rate testing How long is long enough? BER Ideal pulse Stressing through pattern generation Bert Technical Articles Bert Technical Articles Bert Technical Articles Ensure Accuracy Of Bit-Error Rate Tests Page Bert Supplying Data Patterns Noise-Margin Stressing Μ F Avergage = Average = Page Data Patterns Stored Data patterns for clock recovery stressing Examining Jitter + Peak 2f BΦ θif B Jitter Tolerance Amplitude UI peak-to-peak Frequency Bert Affects Accuracy Abstract Example of Error Rate Measurement = n / T BER Measurement Inaccuracy versus Test Time Inaccuracy 95% = 2 σ / n ≈ 2/ n Reduced Test Time by Stressing Testing for an Upper Limit on Error Rate SNR = 20 log S / N rms Attenuation dB BER Example Example BER Summary Pn = rT n e−rT . n Poisson Error Process BER Biography Type of Commands Starts on Remote Commands Overview DATATHRES? Datathres Command Line Terminator Command Line Rules Setting Arguments Outside of Legal Ranges Command Examples Command Summary Alphabetical Bytesync n Analyzer only Bytesync? Remote Commands Rescurrate? Tse? Ese n Cls Esr? Ese?Idn? Opc Lrn?Opc? Sre n Rst Stb? Sre? Tse? Analyzer Only Tst?Wai Tse v Analyzer Only Tsr? Analyzer Only Datainvert? Datainvert onoffDatapattern prbs word rdata Prbslength Datapattern?Prbslength? Saveword m Recallword mWordbits l, b1 b2 Wordlength l Wordbits?Wordmemlen m, l Wordmemord? Wordmemord m, msb lsbWordmemord? m Wordmemory? m Wordmemory m, l, b1, b2 Example Wordorder lsb Wordorder msb lsbPage Memory allocation for Word Memory storage Wordorder? Wordmemory? Gpibaddress? GpibaddressGpibbus offbus talklisten Rspmtlf onoff Gpibbus?Rsecho onoff Rsecho? Rspmtlf on Rspmtlf?Rsprompt s Rsxonxoff onoff Rsxonxoff? Wordmemory 0, 16, #HAA, #HBB Wordmemory 1, 8, #HF0 Allmem? Header? Header on offLogo? Viewangle Options?Viewangle Viewangle? Clockfreq? ClockfreqClockmemory? Clocksource? Clockmemory m, fClockmemory? m Clocksource intext Clockstpup v and clockstpdn ClockstepClockstep? Clockstpup and clockstpdn Savefreq m Recallfreq m Amplitude? AmplitudeClockampup and clockampdn Clockoffup and clockoffdn Clockampup v and clockampdnClockampl Clockampl? Dataampup and dataampdn Clockoffup v and clockoffdnClockoffset Clockoffset? Dataoffup and dataoffdn Dataampup v and dataampdnDataampl Dataampl? Dataoffset Dataoffup v and dataoffdnDataoffset? Offset? Offset Errorrate? Errorrate offextrate3rate4rate5rate6rate7Errorsingle Analyzer Commands Rescurrate? Resbits? Resdmper? Resdm?Resefs? Resefsper? Reserrors?Reselapsed? Resesper? Reses?Reslos? Resses? Resphaes?Ressesper? Resstop? Resstart?Ressync? Restesper? Restes?Restotrate? Resusper? Resus?Totalbits? Totalrate? Totalerror?Totaltime? Clockterm? Clockterm neg2v gnd ac Datadelup and datadeldn Datadelay? DatadelayDatadelup v and datadeldn Dataterm? Dataterm neg2v gnd ac Datathrup v and datathrdn Datathrup and datathrdnDatathres Rdatadelup and rdatadeldn Datathres?Rdatadelup v and rdatadeldn Rdataterm? RdatadelayRdatadelay? Rdataterm neg2v gnd ac Rdatathrup v and rdatathrdn Rdatathrup and rdatathrdnRdatathres Rdatathres? Autosearch? Autosearch auto off disab Automode? Automode ber, fast Autosample? Autosample n Autothresh? Autothresh nAutowidth? Dispselect total window test ErrorresetDispselect? Histryclear Histrybits? Histrystat? Histryphase?Histrypower? Histryphase on Sync? Histrysync? Testlength t TestdiscardTestlength? Testmode? Testmode untimedtimedrepeatTestprev currentprevious Testprev? Testreport eotonerrorbothnoneTestprint Testsquelch onoff Testreport?Testsquelch? Teststate? Teststate runstop Testthres? Testthres Winbits? Winerror?Winbitlen Winbitlen? Winprev? Winmode bitssecWinmode? Winprev currentprevious Winreport onoff Winrate?Winreport? Winseclen? Winseclen sWintime? Printenable? Printenable onoffPrintport parallel gpib serial Printstring s Printport?Printport Parallel Audioratup v and audioratdn Audioratup and audioratdnAudiorate Audiovol Audiorate?Audiovol? Audiovolup v and audiovoldn Audiovolup and audiovoldn Date? Date yyyy-mm-dd Time? Time s MB Option Commands Byteblock a, i, b1, ..., bn Byteblock? a Bytedelete a Byteedit? a Byteedit a, b1 Byteinsert a, i, b1, ..., bn Bytefill i, b1, b2, ..., bn Bytelength? Bytelength m, n Bytemode? Bytemode n Level Ratio errors/bitsBytesync n Analyzer only Bytesync? Analyzer only Editbegin n Editend n Editcntrl? 102 Gpib Interface Device Settings Using the Gpib Interface Programming Gpib Remote Commands Gpib Connector Pin-OutsInterface Functions Gpib Status Reporting Gpib Numeric ResponsesStatus Byte Service Request SRQ Service Request EnableStandard Event Status Register Test Status Event Enable Register Analyzer only Standard Event Status Enable RegisterTest Status Event Register Analyzer only IEEE-488.2 Programming Manual Requirements Gpib Common CommandsAdditional SRQ Gpib Commands Rx only Power-on settings Self Test Query Specific Command ImplementationsOverlapped vs. Sequential Commands Functional Elements RS-232 Interface Device Settings Using the RS-232 Interface Option RS-232 Interface Hardware/ Handshaking Considerations RS-232 Interface Testing Programming RS-232C Remote Commands RS-232C Error Messages Using GPIB, RS-232 Customer Acceptance Test For GB1400 Generator & Analyzer Performance Verification Functional Test Setup for Functional Test of Standard Instrument Confirmation of Frequency Function Confirmation of Generator Output Data Level Change Confirmation of Error Injection Rates Confirmation of Selectable Analyzer Terminations Performance Verification Confirmation of Buttons and Indicators Panel Lock On OFF Addr Via Remote Control Returning to Factory Default SettingsHow to Recall Factory Default Settings Using Front Panel Controls Data Pattern Generator TX Factory Default SettingsCLOCK/ Data Outputs Misc Remote InterfacesEOI/LF CR/LF Error Beeper Analyzer RX Factory Default SettingsAuto Search/Pattern Synchronization Test Parameters Time and DatePrinter Current BER Misc Cleaning the CRT Cleaning the ExteriorCleaning the Interior Cleaning Instructions What is MLPE? Pattern Editor Requirements and FeaturesBefore You Begin Minimum Requirements List of Features List of Files on this Disk If you are using an alternate shell, such as Norton Desktop RS-232 Cabling Page Page Read Before Opening Sealed Wrapper Pattern Editing Software Pattern Editing Software Pattern Editing Software PLL Clock Source PCB Design OverviewData Generator PCB Data and Clock Output Amplifier PCB Input Amplifier PCB GB1400 Analyzer RX Common to both GB1400 TX and GB1400 RX Error Counter PCBFront Panel PCB GB1400 Tx Figure I-2. Block Diagram GB1400 RX Glossary/ Index Attenuation Bit ErrorAddress Analog-to-Digital Converter Channel Error DetectionBit Rate Byte RS-232C Residual error rateMulti-Channel Cable Noise Glossary-4 Appendices Auto Search Figures Index-3 Tables