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Tektronix 071-0590-00 user manual Bert Technical Articles

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BERT Technical Articles

For example, you could use a saved pattern to create an ATM header and a generated pattern to populate the packet with random data, allowing you to build test data that looks more like "live traffic". If you are testing an error-correcting circuit on a modem, the transmitted pattern could have parity errors that the modem should correct. Because the receiver can reference different patterns independent of each other, the "expected" pattern could reflect what the corrected data should look like with the errors fixed.

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GB1400 User Manual

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Tektronix 071-0590-00 user manual Bert Technical Articles

Contents

This document supports firmware version 2.2 and above Page Warranty TEK-WIDE How to Reach Customer ServiceTable of Contents Tutorial Table of Contents Menus Theory of Operation Glossary Glossary-1 Index Index-1 GpibList of Figures List of Tables Safety Behavior of Outputs Turning Power On or Off SMA ConnectorsDo Not Remove Instrument Covers Static Sensitive Device NoticeConventions How This Manual is OrganizedRelated Manuals Xvi Getting Started Features GB1400 Pattern Generator and Error DetectorApplications Symmetrical, Low-Jitter Output WaveformsPrbs Or User-Defined Test Patterns Sample ApplicationsAuto Search For Easy Setup Adjustable Inputs For Maximum FlexibilityPowerful Analysis And Reporting Functions Burst ModeGigaBERT GB1400 Ordering InformationGB1400T GB1400RGB Comparison GB660/CSA907A GB700 GB1400 Feature Tx and Rx GB1400 with Burst Option GB1400 Instrument Configurations Standard and Burst OptionProcedure Initial Self-Check ProcedurePage Operating Basics Functional Overview Example, Bert Application Bert Basics GB1400Clock Data Front Panel, GB1400 Generator Tx Controls, Indicators and ConnectorsFront Panel, GB1400 Analyzer RX 1405000 PN23 Display FormatsGenerator Tx Display Frequency kHz Pattern OutputDelay/ Memory Frequency kHz Error Rate Totalize1405000 0E-06 2410538 PN23 Analyzer RX DisplayPage Outputs and Inputs Generator Output Connectors Section= clock bar = not clock Generator Clock Section Generator Output Section Changing the Line Fuse Generator Rear PanelAnalyzer Input Section Analyzer Monitor Section Analyzer Rear Panel Connectors, Terminations, and Levels DATA/DATA BAR Power Switches Controls and IndicatorsReset to Factory Default View Angle and Panel Lock KeysGpib Section Controls Pattern Controls and Function Keys Analyzer Inputs Function Soft Keys F1, F2, F3, and F4Generator Error Inject Section Affected Input Allowable Control Sync Loss Analyzer Error History SectionAnalyzer Sync Controls Analyzer Error Detection SectionBurst Mode Option Specifications for Burst Mode Burst Mode UsageData Value Transmitter Burst Mode OptionPecl Option for GB1400 Tx Display SettingECL Levels Pecl Levels Key Feature of Tutorial Basic Bert testing with the GB1400Objective of Tutorial Equipment RequiredInstrument Connections and Controls Setup units with default settingsConnect the Generator to the Analyzer Setup Generator for PRBS-23 ModeSetup Analyzer for AUTO-SEARCH Operation Turn off Auto Search and change Generator Outputs Change the Prbs pattern typeKey several times to setup the analyzer for totalize Your data signal Data signal not detected. SelectedError Rate display shows no Data or a 50% Error Rate You are starting to detect the data signalThis Concludes the Tutorial Two Auto Search Synchronization Methods ApplicationsPhase Application Note Auto Search Synchronization Auto Search Algorithm Fast Method Auto Search will find the Data DelayAuto Search will find the Data V-THRESHOLD voltage Auto Search will find the Data Pattern and Polarity II. Auto Search Algorithm BER MethodAuto Search will then attempt to find the Data Pattern Auto Search will determine the Data Delay Page Consideration In Determining The Eye Data Width Delay SpecificationsConsideration In Determining The Data Eye Center Fiber Optic Link Test Example GB700/ GB1400 Optical Component TestFibre Channel Link Testing Parallel and High-speed Serial Qpsk Testing Qpsk Modems, I & QChannel Bert Qpsk BER Testing using Prbs Data for 2-Channel I & QApplication Example Reference Menu Overview Turning Instrument Power ON/OFFFunctions Common to Generator TX and Analyzer RX Selecting 115 VAC or 230 VAC OperationSelecting a Pattern Recalling the Default SetupLocking the Front Panel Pattern DefinitionsSelecting Prbs Patterns Selecting the Active PatternSelecting the Current Word Pattern Prbs 2n-1 Test PatternsWord Selecting RECALLing a Saved Word PatternWord Patterns Creating Word Patterns Using Front Panel ControlsBasics Standard InstrumentsInstruments Equipped with 1-Mbit Option Length Fill Creating Word Patterns Using MenusOrder Creating Word Patterns Under Remote Control Recalling Word Patterns 1-Mbit Memory Option Saving Word Patterns 1-Mbit Memory OptionClock Source and Frequency Generator TX FunctionsExternal Clock Input Clock SourceRecalling a Frequency Saving a FrequencyOverview Data and Clock OutputsGenerator Clock and Data Output Equivalent Circuits Amplitude and Baseline Offset Output Setup Rules vs. Termination ImpedanceLogically Inverting Output Data D-INV Procedure for Differential Operation TX only Procedure for Single-ended Operation TX onlySingle-ended or Differential Operation Pattern Sync and CLOCK/4 OutputsSelecting an Error Inject Mode Error InjectionProcedure to Control Error Injection Mode Error Inject InputData Inhibit Logic Disable Key Automatic Setup Functions SyncAnalyzer RX Functions Auto Search KeyAuto Search With Prbs Patterns Actions Taken by Analyzer when Synchronization is LostRelationship between Auto Search and Disable How to Disable Automatic Pattern ResynchronizationAuto Search with Non-PRBS Patterns Synchronization Lock Threshold Procedure to Set Sync ThresholdSynchronization Threshold Input Parameters Clock, Data, and Reference Data InputsHow F2 and F3 Determine Which Input Can be Set Up Input Data DelayProcedure to Add Delay ControlsInput Termination Procedure for Selecting Input TerminationInput Terminations for CLOCK, DATA, and REF Data Logically Inverting Input Data Input Decision ThresholdInput Threshold Range as a Function of Termination Procedure for Selecting the Reference Data Mode Selecting the Reference Data ModeSingled-ended or Differential Operation Monitor Outputs Output SetupBER Error Detection Set UpHow Window Results Are Measured How Totalize Results are MeasuredWindow Measurement Process How Test Results Are MeasuredTest Measurement Process Totalize Process Set Up Display Mode Totalize, Window, or TestProcedure to Select a Results Display Mode How to Tell Which Display Mode is ActiveProcedure Window Process Set UpTest Process Set Up Procedure to View Desired BER and Bit Error Results BER and Bit ErrorsViewing Results All Other Results Test Process onlyPrinting Results Reports Basic Report Setup ProcedureExample Analyzer Setup Report Analyzer Setup ReportEnd-of-Test Reports Procedure to Enable or Disable End-of-Test ReportsExample End-of-Test Report End-of-Window Reports Procedure to Enable or Disable End-of-Window ReportsExample End-of-Window Report Example On-Error Report On-Error ReportsProcedure to Enable On-Error Reports Procedure to Generate an On-Demand Test Summary ReportBER = TE / TB Result DefinitionsAll Other Results Test Intervals Only ES = TSE US Analyzer performance history indicators are Error History IndicatorsLocated in the Error History section of the front Panel. These indicators will latch on when the indicatedProcedure To Set Up the Audio Alert Function Analyzer Error MessagesClear Control Audio Beeper FunctionProcedure for Stopping the Test Process Procedure for Starting the Test Measurement ProcessStarting and Stopping Measurements Starting New Totalize and Window Measurement Intervals Example Procedure Illustrating Menus and Functions Functions Performed Using the Menu SystemMenus Menu and Function PagesMore Length Mode Report F1ESC F4SET Test Mode = Untimed F1ESC F4SET Reports on = EOT/ERROR General Rules for Using the Menu System 10. Menu Descriptions Menu Summaries11. Analyzer Menu System Overview Word 12. Generator Menu System OverviewMenu Function Definitions Word AT ddddd = bbbbbbbb F1ESC F2- -F3 F4SETWord Edit Edit FormatWord Length Length F1ESC F2- -F3 F4SET LENmmmmm Bytes + n BitsWord Length Word Fill Fill Fill Word Memory WITHhhWord Order Order F1ESC F4SET Word Order = ccc FirstWord Order Word Synchronization Threshold Sync Word Sync Thres LEVEL= dWord Sync Buffer BufferFast BER AutoTest Length Length F1ESC F2- -F3 F4SET Test Length = hhmmssTest Length Test Mode Mode F1ESC F4SET Test Mode = cccccccTest Mode Test Reports Report F1ESC F4SET Reports on = cccccccccTest Report Test Threshold Thres F1ESC F4SET Error Threshold = eeeeeTest Thres Test Squelch Squel On Error Squelch = cccTest Squel Test Print Test Print PrintTest View Previous VIEW-PRE F1ESC F4SET result namecount %Test VIEW-PRE Test VIEW-CUR Test View Current VIEW-CURWindow Mode Mode F1ESC F4SET Window Mode = cccccccWindow Mode F1ESC F4SET Window LEN = 1.0eEE Bits FormatWindow Interval in Bits Bits Window BitsWindow Interval in HrsMinSec Second F1ESC F2- -F3 F4SET Window LEN = hhmmssWindow Second Window Reports Report END of Window Print = cccWindow Report RS-232 Baud Rate Baud Baud = ddddBaud RS-232 Parity Parity F1ESC F4SET Parity = ccccParity RS-232 Data Bits Size Size = dSize RS-232 End-of-Line Char. EOL F1ESC F4SET EOL = cccccEOL RS-232 Xon/Xoff XON/XOFF F1ESC F4SET XON/XOFF Enable = cccXON/XOFF RS-232 Echo Echo F1ESC F4SET RS232 Echo Enable = cccEcho F1ESC F4SET Terminator = cccccc Util Option Utility Option OptionUtil VER Utility Version VERTime Option Date F1ESC F2- -F3 F4SET Date = mmm dd yyDate Time Option Time F1ESC F2- -F3 F4SET Time = hhmmssTime Reference Appendices Internal Clock Source GB1400 Generator TXExternal Clock Source SMAData Output True and Complement Data PatternsError Injection Rear Panel Auxiliary Outputs Phase A, Phase B, Clock/2Clock Output True and Complement NRZ-LRS-232 and Gpib Interfaces AC-Power RequirementsMechanical Clock Input GB1400 AnalyzerData Input Reference Data Input Synchronization AUXBER MeasurementsPrinter Interface Specifications Bert Primer/ Technical Articles Bert used to test physical layer Bert DefinitionBert Building Blocks Prbs Patterns Bert Pattern GenerationPrbs Doutput Prbs Generation Circuits a few sample diagramsOther Tx Patterns Bert Clock Bert Receiver or Error Analyzer ComponentsOutput Amplifiers Data Coding, NRZReceived Data Pattern Reference Error ComparatorData Input Amplifiers BER ComputationStress Testing Confidence Requires Collecting Many ErrorsConfidence Level in BER Measurement Additional ReadingEye Width Measurement Other Bert FeaturesAuto-Synch Pattern Lock Error InsertionPattern Loading Software Jitter Generation Bit error rate testing How long is long enough? BER Ideal pulse Stressing through pattern generation Bert Technical Articles Bert Technical Articles Bert Technical Articles Ensure Accuracy Of Bit-Error Rate Tests Page Bert Supplying Data PatternsNoise-Margin Stressing Μ F Avergage = Average = Page Data Patterns Stored Data patterns for clock recovery stressingExamining Jitter + Peak2f BΦ θif B Jitter Tolerance Amplitude UI peak-to-peak FrequencyBert Affects Accuracy Abstract Example of Error Rate Measurement= n / T BER Measurement Inaccuracy versus Test TimeInaccuracy 95% = 2 σ / n ≈ 2/ n Reduced Test Time by Stressing Testing for an Upper Limit on Error RateSNR = 20 log S / N rms Attenuation dB BER ExampleExample BER Summary Pn = rT n e−rT . n Poisson Error ProcessBER Biography Type of Commands Starts on Remote CommandsOverview DATATHRES? DatathresCommand Line Terminator Command Line RulesSetting Arguments Outside of Legal Ranges Command Examples Command Summary Alphabetical Bytesync n Analyzer only Bytesync? Remote Commands Rescurrate? Tse? Ese n ClsEsr? Ese?Idn? Opc Lrn?Opc? Sre n RstStb? Sre?Wai Tst?Tse v Analyzer Only Tse? Analyzer OnlyTsr? Analyzer Only Datainvert? Datainvert onoffDatapattern prbs word rdata Prbslength Datapattern?Prbslength? Saveword m Recallword mWordbits l, b1 b2 Wordlength l Wordbits?Wordmemlen m, l Wordmemord? Wordmemord m, msb lsbWordmemord? m Wordmemory? m Wordmemory m, l, b1, b2Example Wordorder lsb Wordorder msb lsbPage Memory allocation for Word Memory storage Wordorder?Wordmemory? Gpibaddress? GpibaddressGpibbus offbus talklisten Rsecho onoff Gpibbus?Rsecho? Rspmtlf onoffRsprompt s Rspmtlf?Rsxonxoff onoff Rspmtlf onRsxonxoff? Wordmemory 0, 16, #HAA, #HBB Wordmemory 1, 8, #HF0 Allmem?Header? Header on offLogo? Viewangle Options?Viewangle? ViewangleClockfreq? ClockfreqClockmemory? Clockmemory? m Clockmemory m, fClocksource intext Clocksource?Clockstep? ClockstepClockstpup and clockstpdn Clockstpup v and clockstpdnSavefreq m Recallfreq mAmplitude? AmplitudeClockampup and clockampdn Clockampl Clockampup v and clockampdnClockampl? Clockoffup and clockoffdnClockoffset Clockoffup v and clockoffdnClockoffset? Dataampup and dataampdnDataampl Dataampup v and dataampdnDataampl? Dataoffup and dataoffdnDataoffset Dataoffup v and dataoffdnDataoffset? Offset? OffsetErrorrate? Errorrate offextrate3rate4rate5rate6rate7Errorsingle Analyzer Commands Rescurrate? Resbits?Resdmper? Resdm?Resefs? Resefsper? Reserrors?Reselapsed? Resesper? Reses?Reslos? Resses? Resphaes?Ressesper? Resstop? Resstart?Ressync? Restesper? Restes?Restotrate? Resusper? Resus?Totalbits? Totalrate? Totalerror?Totaltime? Clockterm? Clockterm neg2v gnd acDatadelup and datadeldn Datadelay? DatadelayDatadelup v and datadeldn Dataterm? Dataterm neg2v gnd acDatathrup v and datathrdn Datathrup and datathrdnDatathres Rdatadelup and rdatadeldn Datathres?Rdatadelup v and rdatadeldn Rdatadelay? RdatadelayRdataterm neg2v gnd ac Rdataterm?Rdatathrup v and rdatathrdn Rdatathrup and rdatathrdnRdatathres Rdatathres? Autosearch? Autosearch auto off disabAutomode? Automode ber, fastAutosample? Autosample nAutothresh? Autothresh nAutowidth? Dispselect total window test ErrorresetDispselect? Histryclear Histrybits?Histrypower? Histryphase?Histryphase on Histrystat?Sync? Histrysync?Testlength t TestdiscardTestlength? Testmode? Testmode untimedtimedrepeatTestprev currentprevious Testprev? Testreport eotonerrorbothnoneTestprint Testsquelch onoff Testreport?Testsquelch? Teststate? Teststate runstopTestthres? TestthresWinbitlen Winerror?Winbitlen? Winbits?Winmode? Winmode bitssecWinprev currentprevious Winprev?Winreport onoff Winrate?Winreport? Winseclen? Winseclen sWintime? Printenable? Printenable onoffPrintport parallel gpib serial Printstring s Printport?Printport Parallel Audioratup v and audioratdn Audioratup and audioratdnAudiorate Audiovol Audiorate?Audiovol? Audiovolup v and audiovoldn Audiovolup and audiovoldnDate? Date yyyy-mm-ddTime? Time sMB Option Commands Byteblock a, i, b1, ..., bn Byteblock? a Bytedelete a Byteedit? a Byteedit a, b1Byteinsert a, i, b1, ..., bn Bytefill i, b1, b2, ..., bnBytelength? Bytelength m, nBytemode? Bytemode nBytesync n Analyzer only Ratio errors/bitsBytesync? Analyzer only LevelEditbegin n Editend n Editcntrl?102 Gpib Interface Device Settings Using the Gpib InterfaceProgramming Gpib Remote Commands Gpib Connector Pin-OutsInterface Functions Gpib Status Reporting Gpib Numeric ResponsesStatus Byte Service Request SRQ Service Request EnableStandard Event Status Register Test Status Event Enable Register Analyzer only Standard Event Status Enable RegisterTest Status Event Register Analyzer only Additional SRQ Gpib Commands Rx only Gpib Common CommandsPower-on settings IEEE-488.2 Programming Manual RequirementsOverlapped vs. Sequential Commands Specific Command ImplementationsFunctional Elements Self Test QueryRS-232 Interface Device Settings Using the RS-232 Interface OptionRS-232 Interface Hardware/ Handshaking Considerations RS-232 Interface TestingProgramming RS-232C Remote Commands RS-232C Error Messages Using GPIB, RS-232 Customer Acceptance Test For GB1400 Generator & Analyzer Performance Verification Functional Test Setup for Functional Test of Standard Instrument Confirmation of Frequency Function Confirmation of Generator Output Data Level Change Confirmation of Error Injection Rates Confirmation of Selectable Analyzer Terminations Performance Verification Confirmation of Buttons and Indicators Panel Lock On OFF Addr How to Recall Factory Default Settings Returning to Factory Default SettingsUsing Front Panel Controls Via Remote ControlData Pattern Generator TX Factory Default SettingsCLOCK/ Data Outputs EOI/LF Remote InterfacesCR/LF MiscError Beeper Analyzer RX Factory Default SettingsAuto Search/Pattern Synchronization Printer Time and DateCurrent BER Test ParametersMisc Cleaning the CRT Cleaning the ExteriorCleaning the Interior Cleaning Instructions What is MLPE? Pattern Editor Requirements and FeaturesBefore You Begin Minimum Requirements List of FeaturesList of Files on this Disk If you are using an alternate shell, such as Norton DesktopRS-232 Cabling Page Page Read Before Opening Sealed Wrapper Pattern Editing Software Pattern Editing Software Pattern Editing Software PLL Clock Source PCB Design OverviewData Generator PCB Data and Clock Output Amplifier PCB Input Amplifier PCB GB1400 Analyzer RXCommon to both GB1400 TX and GB1400 RX Error Counter PCBFront Panel PCB GB1400 Tx Figure I-2. Block Diagram GB1400 RX Glossary/ Index Address Bit ErrorAnalog-to-Digital Converter AttenuationBit Rate Error DetectionByte ChannelMulti-Channel Cable Residual error rateNoise RS-232CGlossary-4 Appendices Auto SearchFigures Index-3 Tables