AAD Ascii Adjust AX Before Division, Aao | Intel 80287, 80286

THE 80286 INSTRUCTION SET

AAD - ASCII Adjust AX Before Division

OpcodeInstruction ClocksDescription

05 OA

AAO

14

ASCII adjust AX before division

FLAGS MODIFIED

Sign, zero, parity

FLAGS UNDEFINED

Overflow, auxiliary carry, carry

OPERATION

AAD is used to prepare two unpacked BCD digits (least significant in AL, most significant in AH) for a division operation which will yield an unpacked result. This is accomplished by setting AL to AL + (10 X AH), and then setting AH to O. This leaves AX equal to the binary equivalent of the original unpacked 2-digit number.

PROTECTED MODE EXCEPTIONS

None

REAL ADDRESS MODE EXCEPTIONS

None

8-16

Image 226

Intel 80287, 80286 manual AAD Ascii Adjust AX Before Division, Aao

Contents

Page ··PRICEIN Order Number Dollars Infef Call Toll Free 800 548-4725for phone orders Customer Support 80287 Programmers Reference Manual @INTELCORPORATION Preface Organization of this ManualPage Table of Contents Real Address Mode Extended Instruction SET Table of Contents Chapter Memory Management and Virtual Addressing 10-4 10-110-3 10-5 Flag Word Contents 80286/80287 Supported Data Types Code and Data Segments Assigned to a Privilege Level Dynamic Segment Relocation and Expansion of Segment Limit Reserved Exceptions and Interrupts Inter Introduction to Page Chapter Introduction to Modes of Operation Advanced FeaturesMemory Management Task Management Protection Mechanisms Support for Operating Systems Organization of this Book Related Publications Inter Base Architecture Page Chapter Base Architecture Memory Organization and Segmentation 8000 r Bytes and Words in Memory Ascii Base Architecture ·3 /80287 Supported Data Types Base Architecture Registers General Registers Memory Segmentation and Segment Registers Real Address Mode Segment Selector Interpretation Index, Pointer, and Base Registers Inlel Inter Stack Operation BP Usage as a Stack Frame Base Pointer Status and Control Registers Implied Segment Usage by Index, Pointer, and Base Registers 10. Flags Register Addressing Modes Operands Register and Immediate Modes Memory Addressing Modes Segment Selection EASE Architecture Segment Register Selection Rules Offset Computation PRog~~~D Memory Operand AddressingModes INPUT/OUTPUTBX, 51 13. Complex Addressing Modes AL,FE OUTOUT FF,AL Interrupts and Exceptions Hierarchy of Instruction Sets Interrupt Vector Assignments Real Address Mode 80186~80188 Page Basic Instruction Set Page Data Movement Instructions General-Purpose Data Movement Instructions Stack Manipulation Instructions Push Basic Instruction SET Control Flags Flag Operation with the Basic Instruction SETStatus Flags Hm====i Arithmetic Instructions Previous Push Instructions LOW Address After Before Popa Basic Instruction SET Addition Instructions Subtraction Instructions Multiplication Instructions Logical Instructions Division InstructionsBoolean Operation Instructions Shift and Rotate Instructions Wordoprnd ~-i 01, I, I aI a1,1, I, I, I a1,1,1, I aI alaiI 10 01, ,1,101, 0101,1, 01 0 10 I 1I 1I 0 1I 1 1I o I o I 1 o I 1I 1111010rrG Ll 1 1 1 l 1 Test and Compare Instructions Type Conversion and No-Operation InstructionsControl Transfer Instructions Unconditional Transfer Instructions Call Instruction Conditional Transfer Instructions JL/JNGE JG/JNLEJGE/JNL JLE/JNG Software-Generated Interrupts Translate Instruction Character Translation and String InstructionsString Manipulation Instructions and Repeat Prefixes String Movement Instructions Address Manipulation Instructions Intel Flag Control Instructions Flag Transfer Instructions Unpacked BCD Adjustment Instructions Packed BCD Adjustment InstructionsBINARY-CODED Decimal Arithmetic Instructions Trusted and Privileged Restrictions on Popf and Iret Trusted InstructionsMachine State Instructions Input and Output Instructions Processor Extension Instructions Processor Extension Synchronization Instructions Numeric Data Processor Instructions Basic Instruction SET Data Transfer Instructions Page Extended Instruction Set Page Chapter Extended Instruction SET Block 1/0 Instructions HIGH-LEVEL Instructions Formal Definition of the Enter Instruction Variable Access in Nested Procedures Extended Instruction SET 2b. Stack Frame for Procedure a 2d. Stack Frame for Procedure C at Level 3 Called from B Extended Instruction SET Page Real Address Mode Page Chapter Real Address Mode Addressing and Segmentation Real Address Mode Real Address Mode Overlapping Segments to Save Physical Memory NMI Interrupt PrioritiesIntr Interrupt Procedures Reserved and Dedicated Interrupt Vectors ESC Flags Processor State after ResetSystem Initialization MSW Fffoh Real Address Mode ·Memory Management Virtual Addressing Page Chapter Memory Management and Virtual Addressing Memory Management Overview Virtual Addresses Format of the Segment Selector Component Address Spaces and Task Isolation Descriptor Tables PiDPll~1 PIDPLI~1 VIRTUAL-TO-PHYSICAL Address Translation Segments and Segment Descriptors LOT Descriptor Virtual-to-Physical Address Translation Memory Management Registers Segment Address Translation Registers ~,m~ =--=--=1~~ System Address Registers Memory Management and Virtual Addressing Page Protection7 Page Chapter Protection Protection Implementation Addressing Segments of a Module within a Task Protection Descriptor Cache Registers LOT and GOT Access Checks Separation of Address Spaces LJol LIT Example of Using Four Privilege Levels Privilege Levels and Protection Privilege Usage Segment Descriptor DPL ~~~/do I I LJ. ITI~~ Data Accesses Code Segment Access Data Access Restriction by Privilege Level Pointer Privilege Stamping via Arpl Control Transfers NTE R Gates 10. Gate Descriptor Format Call Gates Call Gate Checks INTRA-LEVEL Transfers VIA Call GateSe!eC!0r j ,,It Niiii INTER-LEVEL Control Transfer VIA Call Gates Protection Stack Changes Caused by Call Gates 12. Stack Contents after an Inter-Level Call Inter-Level Return Checks Tasks and State Transitions Page Introduction Task State Segments and Descriptors Tasks and State Transitions Task State Segment and TSS Registers Task State Segment Descriptors Task Switching I01 Tasks and State Transitions Checks Made during a Task Switch Task Linking CALL/INT Iret Task Gates Task Gate Descriptor ~ASK Page Interrupts and Exceptions Page Interrupt Descriptor Table Interrupt Descriptor Table Definition Hardware Initiated Interrupts An eve.! eXtern8~.~~t~~pr~~~~~1 Software Initiated Interrupts Interrupt Gates and Trap Gates Trap/Interrupt Gate Descriptors SSFROMTSS--~.~r~------~l Interrupts and Exceptions Trap and Interrupt Gate Checks Infer Interrupt and Gate Interactions Scheduling Considerations Deciding Between Task, Trap, and Interrupt Gates Protection Exceptions and Reserved Vectors Invalid OP-Code Interrupt Double Fault InterruptProcessor Extension Segment Overrun Interrupt Invalid Task State Segment Interrupt Not Present Interrupt Stack Fault Interrupt Conditions That Invalidate the TSS General Protection Fault Interrupt Additional Exceptions and Interrupts Single Step Interrupt Interrupt IDT System Control Initialization Page Chapter System Control and Initialization Descriptor Table Registers.· System Control and Initialization Local and Global Descriptor Table Definition System Control Instructions Machine Status Word MSW Bit Functions Wait ESCIfTS=1 Initialization 03FFH Real Address Mode 10-8 Advanced Topics Page Special Segment Attributes Virtual Memory ManagementConforming Code Segments Expand-Down Data Segments Expand-Down Segment Pointer Validation Dynamic Segment Relocation and Expansion of Segment limit Pointer Integrity RPL and the Trojan Horse Problem Descriptor Validation NPX Context Switching Multiprocessor Considerations Example of NPX Context Switching Advanced Topics Shutdown Page Appendix System Initialization Page Appendix a System Initialization System Initialization System .INITIALIZATION System Initialization Ax,.x Intel· Mov!w MovSiW AX,cl Page Appendix 80286 Instruction Set Page Appendix B 80286 Instruction SET 80286 Instruction SET Figure B-1. In Instruction Byte Format Mod=OO Mod=01 Mod=10 Mod=11 Rb = Rw =REG = BX + D8 SI + 80286 U\lSTRUCTION SET Figure B-2 Ir Instruction Byte Format Instruction Description ClocksFlags Modified Error Codes Protected Mode ExceptionsReal Address Mode Exceptions Flags Undefined #DF #UD#NM #MP #MF 16 Math Fault No Error Code #GP 13 General Protection Selector or Zero Error Code#MP 9 Math Unit Protection Fault No Error Code #NM 7 No Math Unit Available No Error Code #NP 11 Not Present Selector Error Code #SS 12 Stack Fault Selector or Zero Error Code #TS 10 Invalid Task State Segment Selector Error Code Privilege Level and Task Switching on #UD 6 Undefined Opcode No Error CodeSwitchtasks 80286 Instruction SET 80286 Instruction SET AAA Ascii Adjust AL After Addition AAD Ascii Adjust AX Before Division AAO D4 OA AAM AAS-ASCII Adjust AL After Subtraction AAS ADC ADC/ ADD-Integer AdditionADD AND-Logical ARPL- Adjust RPL Field of Selector BOUND-Check Array Index Against Bounds Bound rw,md noj=13 Operation Flags ModifiedFlags Undefined Call Call Nonconforming Code Segment Call FARCall Conforming Code Segment Call to Call Gate Call Gate to Same Privilege Protected Mode Exceptions80286 Instruction SET Call Gate to More Privilege Call Task Gate Interrupt l3 for a word operand at offset Offffh Caw-Convert Byte into Word C8W CLC-Clear Carry Flag CLC CLD-Clear Direction Flag CLO Ell-Clear Interrupt Flag Protected Mode ExceptionsReal Address Mode Exceptions 80286·INSTRUCTION SET CLTS-Clear Task Switched Flag Opcode Instruction ClocksDescription CMC-Complement Carry Flag CMC CMP-Compare Two Operands CMP CMPS8 Cmpsw CWO-Convert Word to Doubleword CWD DAA-Decimal Adjust AL After Addition DAA DAS-Decimal Adjust AL After Subtraction DEC-Decrement by Opcode Structlon Clocks Description DIVeb DIV -Unsigned DivideDIVew ENTER-Make Stack Frame for Procedure Parameters BP= Frameptr 80286 Instruction SET Protected Mode Exceptions HLT-Halt IDIV-Signed Divide 21,mem=24 Signed multiply rw = IMUL-Signed MultiplyOpcode Instruction Clocks Description Imul eb 21,mem=24 Signed multiply rw = EA word X imm. byte IN-Input from Port INC Mem=7 Increment EA word by Insb INS/INSB/INSW-Input from Port to StringINS Insw INT IINTO-Call to Interrupt Procedure INT3 Interrupt to Inner Privilege InterruptInterrupt to Same Privilege Level #GP, #NP, #SS, and #TS, as indicated in the list above Iret IRET-Interrupt ReturnOpcode Instruction Clock Description Interrupt Return Interrupt Return on Stack Interrupt Return to Same Level #GP, #NP, or #88, as indicated in the above listing JGE JAEJBE JLE 80286 Instruction SET JMP-Jump Jump Nonconforming Code Segment Jump FARJump Conforming Code Segment Jump to Call Gate Jump Task State Segment LAHF-load Flags into AH Register Lahf Instruction SET 14,mem=16 Load highrw= Access Rights byte, selector ewReal Address Mode Exception 02 Ir LDS LOS/ LES-Load Doubleword PointerLES 80286 Instruction SET Protected Mode Exceptions LEA-load Effective Address Offset LEAVE-HighLevel Procedure Exit Leave Load m into Global Descriptor Table reg LGDTILIDT-Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table RegisterLgdt LlDT Load selector ew into Local Descriptor Table LLDT-Load Local Descriptor Table RegisterLldt ew Register LMSW-Load Machine Status Word 01 /6 LMSWew Mem=6 LOCK-AssertBUS Lock Signal Lock LODS8 LodsLodsw LOOP/LOOPcond-Loop Control with CX Counter LSL-LoadSegment Limit 14,mem=16 Load rw = Segment Limit, selector ew LTR-Load Task Register 00 /3 LTR ew 17,mem=19 Mem=3 Move word register into EA word Opcode Instruction Clocks DescriptionMem=3 Move byte register into EA byte Mem=5 Move EA byte into byte register Interrupt 13 for a word operand at offset Offffh MOVS8 MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW-Move Data from String to StringMovs Movsw MUL-Unsigned Multiplication of AL or AX NEG eb NEG-TwosComplement NegationNEG ew NOP-No Operation NOT-OnesComplement Negation Not OR- Logical Inclusive or OUT OX,AX OUT OX,ALOutput byte AL to port number OX Output word AX to port number OX Outsb OutsOutsw POP POP SS Inter FlAGS Undefined Popa POPF-Pop from Stack into the Flags Register Popf Push CS PUSH-Push a Word onto the StackPush Push SS PUSHA-Push All General Registers Push flag~ register PUSHF-Push Flags Register onto the StackPushf ROL RCLRCR ROR Interrupt 13 for a word operand at offset Offffh REP Insw REP INSREP Insb REP Movs 80286 Instruction SET RET -Return from Procedure RET Return to Same Level Return to Outer Privilege Level Sahf -Store AH into Flags Sahf SAR SALSHR Interrupt 13 for a word operand at offset Offffh SBB-Integer Subtraction With Borrow SBB SCAS/SCASB/SCASW-Compare String Data Sgdt /SIDT-Store Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register 101 SLOT-Store Local Descriptor Table Register Smsw -Store Machine Status Word 103 STe-SetCarry Flag 104 STOSetDirection Flag STO STI-Set Interrupt Enable Flag STI Stoss Stosw 00 /1 STR ew Mem=3 STR-Store Task Register108 SUB-Integer Subtraction SUB TEST-Logical Compare Test 14,mem=16 VERR,VERW-Verifya Segment for Reading or Writing14,mem=16 Set ZF=1 if seg. can be read, selector ew 111 112 WAIT-Wait Until Busy Pin Is Inactive High Wait XCHG- Exchange Memory/Register with Register Xchg Xlatb Xlat -Table Look-up TranslationXlat mb Set AL to memory byte Osbx + unsigned 115 XOR-Logical Exclusive or XOR Appendix 8086/8088 Compatibility Considerations Page Software Compatibility Considerations Table C-1. New 80286 Interrupts Pushbp MOVBP,SP XCHGBP,BP Hardware Compatibility Considerations Page 80286/80386 Software Page 80286/80386 Softvvare 80286/80386 Software Compatibility Considerations Index Index-1 Index-2 Index-3 LODS/LODSB/LODSW, 3-24, B-69 Index-4 Index-5 Index-6 Numeric Processor Extension NPX Page AN Introduction to 80286 Microsystem Organization of This Manual Related Publications Chapter Overview of Numeric Processing Unnormals-Descendents of Denormal Operands Chapter SYSTEM-LEVEL Numeric Programming Glossary of 80287 and FLOATING-POINT Terminology Index 80287 Tables Storage Allocation Directives Overview of Numeric Processing Page Introduction to the 80287 Numeric Processor Extension Performance Overview of Numeric Processing Fxam StackO assumed Examine Applications ± Vb2 4ac Upgradability Programming Interface PASCAL-286 FORTRAN-286 Hardware Interface Numeric Data Types ~r=~=~ Numeric Processor Architecture NPX Register Stack NPX Status Word 80287 Register Set Control Word Status Word Infinity, positive Inter Tag Word Format Computation Fundamentals Number System Data Types and Formats Number System Data Formats Binary Integers Rounding Control Precision Control ·6. Rounding Modes Special Computational Situations Special Numeric Values Nonnormal Real Numbers Denormalization Process Overview of Numeric Processing Unnormals-Descendents of Denormal Operands FIST, FISTP, Fbstp FrndintFsqrt FLD Infinity Fprem FLD, FBLD1 FILD2 FST,FSTPFbstp FIST, Fistp Fsqrt +co Fxtract FrndintFtst Zero Smallest LargestSmallest ......1 ---- 15 bits-----l..~1 U U2 ZeroU U Bits Significand· Class NaNs16. Temporary Real Encodings Sign Biased Exponent Normals Invalid Operation 16. Temporary Real Encodings ContdZero Divisor Overview of Numeric Processing Denormalized Operand 17. Exception Conditions and Masked Responses 17. Exception Conditions and Masked Responses Contd Masked response to overflow exception earlier 11. Arithmetic Example Using Infinity Software Exception Handling Programming Numeric Applications Page Compatibility with the 8087 NPX 80287 NPX Instruction SETNumeric Operands FAD D destination, source Data Transfer Instructions Programming Numeric Applications Arithmetic Instructions Arithmetic Instructions Fmulp FaddFsub Fdiv Azimuth Fsubrp / /destination/source Fprem Condition Code Interpretation after Fprem Comparison Instructions Programming Numeric Applications FabsFcom / /source Condition Code Interpretation after Fcom Fcompp Fxam Fptan STO 1r FYL2X FpatanF2XM1 FYL2XP1 Constant Instructions Processor Control Instructions Finitifninit Fstsw AX/FNSTSW AX FSAVE/FRSTOR Memory Layout Fstenvifldenv Memory Layout Ffree destination Programming Numeric Applications 12. Key to Operand TypesInstruction Execution Time 13. Execution Penalties Instruction Length ·14. Instruction Set Reference Data 14. Instruction Set Reference Data Contd Fdivp Programming Numeric Applications FdecstpFdiv Fdivr Ficom TOOL.NPASSES Ffree ST1Fiadd DISTANCE..TRAVELLED Fiadd Pulsecount SI Ficom BP+4.PARMCOUNT Fild RESPONSE.COUNT Fidivr FrequencyFild Standoff DI Fimul Bearing Fistp BX.ALPHACOUNT SI Fist OBS.COUNTSIFist BP.FACTOREDPULSES Fistp Correctedtime Fldcw Controlword FLD Reading 81.PRE88UREFLO 8AVEREADING FLDLG2 Flopi FLOL2EFLOL2T Floz Fmulp ST1,ST Fmul SpeedfactorFpatan Frstor BP ·14. Instruction Set Reference Data ContdFptan Fsave BP FST Meanreading FST ST3FST Correlation Fstcw Savecontrol Fstp Totaldosage Fstp BX.ADJUSTEDRPMFstp ST2 Fstp Regsave SI Fsubr BX.INDEX Fsubr ST,ST1Fsubr Vectorsi Fsubrp ST1,ST FYL2X Fxch ST2FYL2XP1 Programming Facilities High-Level Languages 15. PLlM-286 Built-In Procedures ASM286 Interpretation Data Types BIT String Shorti Nteger OFFFFFF82H HEX Must Start TR E Q Status Word Record Definition Fsub Alpha SI 17. Addressing Mode ExamplesFiaooalpha FOIVRALPHA.BETA Filo BP.BETA It *it Sample PL/M-286 Program Emulation Concurrent Processing with Intel Programming Numeric Applications ·7. Sample ASM286 Program Sample ASM286 Program Contd Managing Concurrency Instruction Synchronization Data Synchronization Error Synchronization Synchronizing References to Shared Data MOV Fsgrt System-Level Numeric Programming Page Architecture Real-Address Mode and Protected Virtual-Address ModeProcessor Extension Data Channel System Initialization Dedicated and Reserved 1/0 LocationsProcessor Initialization and Control Recognizing. the 80287 NPX SYSTEM-LEVEL Numeric Programming Software Routine to Recognize Configuring the Numerics Environment Initializing NPX Processor State Following Initialization Inter Handling Numeric Processing Exceptions Simultaneous Exception Response Precedence of NPX Exceptions Numeric Programming Examples Page Chapter Numeric Programming Examples Jump Table for Examine Routine XAM Numeric Programming Examples Conditional Branching for Fxam Contd Proc MOV Byte PTR IBP-121, OH Fldenv Fnsave BP-941 FLOATING-POINT to Ascii Conversion Examples It116 Ebde DoeF \ii.t 4BB Lei Function. Partitioning Special Instructions Exception ConsiderationsDescription of Operation Scaling the Value Output Format Trigonometric Calculation Examples Calculating Trigonometric Functions Numeric Programming Examples 207 Arg 0o,3 Coce 4676 Page Machine Instruction Encoding and Decoding Page OP-A MOD OP-S Displacement Format OP-AMOD REG Machine Instruction Encoding and Decoding Table A·2. Machine Instruction Decodin.9 Guide MOD01 Machine Instruction Encoding and DecodingModoo MOD10 Table A-2. Machine Instruction Decoding Guide Contd Fstswax 1REGOreg XXXPage Appendix Compatibility Between NPX Page Appendix B Compatibility Between 80287 NPX NI NIT Appendixc· Page Appendix C Implementing the Ieee P754 Standard Additional Software to Meet the Standard Implementing the Ieee P754 Standard Page Glossary of 80287 and Floating-Point Terminology Page Glossary FLOATING-POINT Terminology Glossary-1 Inter Glossary of 80287 and FLOATING-POINT Terminology Glossary of 80287 and FLOATING-POINT Terminology Glossary-3 Glossary-4 Glossary of 80287 and FLOATING-POINT Terminology Page Index Index-2 NO-WAIT Form Index-4 Inter Inter IntJ European Sales Offices