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Intel 80287, 80286 manual FLD Reading 81.PRE88URE, FLO 8AVEREADING, Fldcw Controlword, FLDLG2

Models: 80287 80286

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PROGRAMMING NUMERIC APPLICATIONS

Table 2-14. Instruction Set Reference Data (Cont'd.)

FLO

Operands

8T(i) short-real ' long-real temp-real

FLOCW

Operands

2-bytes

FLOENV

Operands

14-bytes

FLOLG2

Operands

(no operands)

FLOLN2

Operands

FLD source

Load real

Execution Clocks

Typical Range

2017-22

4338-56

4640-60

5753-65

FLDCW source Load control word

Execution Clocks

Typical Range

10 7-14

FLDENV source Load environment

Execution Clocks

Typical Range

40 35-45

FLDLG2 (no operands) Load IOg102

Execution Clocks

Typical Range

21 18-24

FLDLN2 (no operands)

In"rllnn.?

------ ';''0' -

Execution Clocks

Typical Range

		Exceptions: I, D
	Operand Word	Code	Coding Example
	Transfers	Bytes	Coding Example
	Transfers	Bytes

02 FLD 8T(0)

22-4 FLD READING [81].PRE88URE

42-4 FLO [BPj.TEMPERATURE

52-4 FLO 8AVEREADING

Exceptions: None

Operand Word CodeCoding Example

Transfers Bytes

12-4 FLDCW CONTROLWORD

Exceptions: None

Operand Word CodeCoding Example

Transfers Bytes

72-4 FLDENV [BP + 6]

Exceptions: I

Operand Word CodeCoding Example

Transfers Bytes

02 FLDLG2

Exceptions: I

Operand Word CodeCoding Example

Transfers Bytes

(no operands)

20 17-2302 FLDLN2

2-30

Image 422

Intel 80287, 80286 manual FLD Reading 81.PRE88URE, FLO 8AVEREADING, Fldcw Controlword, FLDLG2

Contents

Page ··PRICEIN Order Number DollarsInfef Call Toll Free 800 548-4725for phone ordersCustomer Support 80287 Programmers Reference Manual @INTELCORPORATION Preface Organization of this ManualPage Table of Contents Real Address Mode Extended Instruction SETTable of Contents Chapter Memory Management and Virtual Addressing10-4 10-110-3 10-5Flag Word Contents 80286/80287 Supported Data TypesCode and Data Segments Assigned to a Privilege Level Dynamic Segment Relocation and Expansion of Segment LimitReserved Exceptions and Interrupts Inter Introduction to Page Chapter Introduction to Memory Management Advanced FeaturesModes of Operation Task Management Protection MechanismsSupport for Operating Systems Organization of this BookRelated Publications Inter Base Architecture Page Chapter Base Architecture Memory Organization and Segmentation8000 r Bytes and Words in Memory Ascii Base Architecture ·3 /80287 Supported Data TypesBase Architecture Registers General RegistersMemory Segmentation and Segment Registers Real Address Mode Segment Selector Interpretation Index, Pointer, and Base RegistersInlel Inter Stack Operation BP Usage as a Stack Frame Base Pointer Status and Control Registers Implied Segment Usage by Index, Pointer, and Base Registers10. Flags Register Addressing Modes OperandsRegister and Immediate Modes Memory Addressing ModesSegment Selection EASE Architecture Segment Register Selection Rules Offset ComputationPRog~~~D BX, 51 INPUT/OUTPUTMemory Operand AddressingModes 13. Complex Addressing Modes OUT FF,AL OUTAL,FE Interrupts and Exceptions Hierarchy of Instruction Sets Interrupt Vector Assignments Real Address Mode 80186~80188 Page Basic Instruction Set Page Data Movement Instructions General-Purpose Data Movement InstructionsStack Manipulation Instructions PushBasic Instruction SET Control Flags Flag Operation with the Basic Instruction SETStatus Flags Hm====iArithmetic Instructions Previous Push Instructions LOW Address After Before PopaBasic Instruction SET Addition Instructions Subtraction InstructionsMultiplication Instructions Boolean Operation Instructions Division InstructionsLogical Instructions Shift and Rotate Instructions Wordoprnd~-i 01, I, I aI a1,1, I, I, I a1,1,1, I aI alaiI 10 01, ,1,101, 0101,1, 01 0 10 I 1I 1I 0 1I 1 1I o I o I 1 o I 1I 1111010rrG Ll 1 1 1 l 1 Control Transfer Instructions Type Conversion and No-Operation InstructionsTest and Compare Instructions Unconditional Transfer Instructions Call Instruction Conditional Transfer Instructions JL/JNGE JG/JNLEJGE/JNL JLE/JNGSoftware-Generated Interrupts String Manipulation Instructions and Repeat Prefixes Character Translation and String InstructionsTranslate Instruction String Movement Instructions Address Manipulation Instructions Intel Flag Control InstructionsFlag Transfer Instructions BINARY-CODED Decimal Arithmetic Instructions Packed BCD Adjustment InstructionsUnpacked BCD Adjustment Instructions Machine State Instructions Trusted InstructionsTrusted and Privileged Restrictions on Popf and Iret Input and Output Instructions Processor Extension InstructionsProcessor Extension Synchronization Instructions Numeric Data Processor InstructionsBasic Instruction SET Data Transfer Instructions Page Extended Instruction Set Page Chapter Extended Instruction SET Block 1/0 InstructionsHIGH-LEVEL Instructions Formal Definition of the Enter Instruction Variable Access in Nested Procedures Extended Instruction SET2b. Stack Frame for Procedure a 2d. Stack Frame for Procedure C at Level 3 Called from B Extended Instruction SET Page Real Address Mode Page Chapter Real Address Mode Addressing and SegmentationReal Address Mode Real Address Mode Overlapping Segments to Save Physical MemoryIntr Interrupt PrioritiesNMI Interrupt Procedures Reserved and Dedicated Interrupt VectorsESC Flags Processor State after ResetSystem Initialization MSW FffohReal Address Mode ·Memory Management Virtual Addressing Page Chapter Memory Management and Virtual Addressing Memory Management OverviewVirtual Addresses Format of the Segment Selector ComponentAddress Spaces and Task Isolation Descriptor Tables PiDPll~1 PIDPLI~1 VIRTUAL-TO-PHYSICAL Address TranslationSegments and Segment Descriptors LOT DescriptorVirtual-to-Physical Address Translation Memory Management Registers Segment Address Translation Registers~,m~ =--=--=1~~ System Address Registers Memory Management and Virtual Addressing Page Protection7 Page Chapter Protection Protection Implementation Addressing Segments of a Module within a Task Protection Descriptor Cache RegistersLOT and GOT Access Checks Separation of Address SpacesLJol LIT Example of Using Four Privilege Levels Privilege Levels and ProtectionPrivilege Usage Segment Descriptor DPL ~~~/do I I LJ. ITI~~Data Accesses Code Segment Access Data Access Restriction by Privilege LevelPointer Privilege Stamping via Arpl Control Transfers NTE RGates 10. Gate Descriptor Format Call Gates Se!eC!0r j ,,It Niiii INTRA-LEVEL Transfers VIA Call GateCall Gate Checks INTER-LEVEL Control Transfer VIA Call Gates Protection Stack Changes Caused by Call Gates 12. Stack Contents after an Inter-Level Call Inter-Level Return Checks Tasks and State Transitions Page Introduction Task State Segments and DescriptorsTasks and State Transitions Task State Segment and TSS RegistersTask State Segment Descriptors Task Switching I01Tasks and State Transitions Checks Made during a Task Switch Task Linking CALL/INT IretTask Gates Task Gate Descriptor~ASK Page Interrupts and Exceptions Page Interrupt Descriptor Table Interrupt Descriptor Table DefinitionHardware Initiated Interrupts An eve.! eXtern8~.~~t~~pr~~~~~1Software Initiated Interrupts Interrupt Gates and Trap GatesTrap/Interrupt Gate Descriptors SSFROMTSS--~.~r~------~l Interrupts and Exceptions Trap and Interrupt Gate ChecksInfer Interrupt and Gate InteractionsScheduling Considerations Deciding Between Task, Trap, and Interrupt GatesProtection Exceptions and Reserved Vectors Processor Extension Segment Overrun Interrupt Double Fault InterruptInvalid OP-Code Interrupt Invalid Task State Segment Interrupt Not Present InterruptStack Fault Interrupt Conditions That Invalidate the TSSGeneral Protection Fault Interrupt Additional Exceptions and InterruptsSingle Step Interrupt Interrupt IDTSystem Control Initialization Page Chapter System Control and Initialization Descriptor Table Registers.·System Control and Initialization Local and Global Descriptor Table DefinitionSystem Control Instructions Machine Status Word MSW Bit FunctionsIfTS=1 ESCWait Initialization 03FFHReal Address Mode 10-8 Advanced Topics Page Conforming Code Segments Virtual Memory ManagementSpecial Segment Attributes Expand-Down Data Segments Expand-Down SegmentPointer Validation Dynamic Segment Relocation and Expansion of Segment limitPointer Integrity RPL and the Trojan Horse Problem Descriptor ValidationNPX Context Switching Multiprocessor ConsiderationsExample of NPX Context Switching Advanced TopicsShutdown Page Appendix System Initialization Page Appendix a System Initialization System Initialization System .INITIALIZATION System Initialization Ax,.x Intel· Mov!w MovSiW AX,cl Page Appendix 80286 Instruction Set Page Appendix B 80286 Instruction SET 80286 Instruction SET Figure B-1. In Instruction Byte FormatMod=OO Mod=01 Mod=10 Mod=11 Rb = Rw =REG = BX + D8 SI +80286 U\lSTRUCTION SET Figure B-2 Ir Instruction Byte FormatInstruction Flags Modified ClocksDescription Error Codes Protected Mode ExceptionsReal Address Mode Exceptions Flags Undefined#DF #UD#NM #MP#MP 9 Math Unit Protection Fault No Error Code #GP 13 General Protection Selector or Zero Error Code#MF 16 Math Fault No Error Code #NM 7 No Math Unit Available No Error Code #NP 11 Not Present Selector Error Code#SS 12 Stack Fault Selector or Zero Error Code #TS 10 Invalid Task State Segment Selector Error CodeSwitchtasks #UD 6 Undefined Opcode No Error CodePrivilege Level and Task Switching on 80286 Instruction SET 80286 Instruction SET AAA Ascii Adjust AL After Addition AAD Ascii Adjust AX Before Division AAOD4 OA AAMAAS-ASCII Adjust AL After Subtraction AASADD ADC/ ADD-Integer AdditionADC AND-Logical ARPL- Adjust RPL Field of Selector BOUND-Check Array Index Against Bounds Bound rw,md noj=13Operation Flags ModifiedFlags Undefined CallCall Nonconforming Code Segment Call FARCall Conforming Code Segment Call to Call GateCall Gate to Same Privilege Protected Mode Exceptions80286 Instruction SET Call Gate to More Privilege Call Task GateInterrupt l3 for a word operand at offset Offffh Caw-Convert Byte into Word C8WCLC-Clear Carry Flag CLCCLD-Clear Direction Flag CLOEll-Clear Interrupt Flag Protected Mode ExceptionsReal Address Mode Exceptions 80286·INSTRUCTION SETCLTS-Clear Task Switched Flag Opcode Instruction ClocksDescriptionCMC-Complement Carry Flag CMCCMP-Compare Two Operands CMPCMPS8 CmpswCWO-Convert Word to Doubleword CWDDAA-Decimal Adjust AL After Addition DAADAS-Decimal Adjust AL After Subtraction DEC-Decrement by Opcode Structlon Clocks DescriptionDIVew DIV -Unsigned DivideDIVeb ENTER-Make Stack Frame for Procedure Parameters BP= Frameptr80286 Instruction SET Protected Mode Exceptions HLT-Halt IDIV-Signed Divide 21,mem=24 Signed multiply rw = IMUL-Signed MultiplyOpcode Instruction Clocks Description Imul eb 21,mem=24 Signed multiply rw = EA word X imm. byteIN-Input from Port INC Mem=7 Increment EA word byInsb INS/INSB/INSW-Input from Port to StringINS InswINT IINTO-Call to Interrupt Procedure INT3Interrupt to Same Privilege Level InterruptInterrupt to Inner Privilege #GP, #NP, #SS, and #TS, as indicated in the list above Iret IRET-Interrupt ReturnOpcode Instruction Clock Description Interrupt ReturnInterrupt Return on Stack Interrupt Return to Same Level#GP, #NP, or #88, as indicated in the above listing JGE JAEJBE JLE80286 Instruction SET JMP-Jump Jump Nonconforming Code Segment Jump FARJump Conforming Code Segment Jump to Call GateJump Task State Segment LAHF-load Flags into AH Register LahfInstruction SET 14,mem=16 Load highrw= Access Rights byte, selector ewReal Address Mode Exception 02 IrLES LOS/ LES-Load Doubleword PointerLDS 80286 Instruction SET Protected Mode Exceptions LEA-load Effective Address OffsetLEAVE-HighLevel Procedure Exit LeaveLoad m into Global Descriptor Table reg LGDTILIDT-Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table RegisterLgdt LlDTLoad selector ew into Local Descriptor Table LLDT-Load Local Descriptor Table RegisterLldt ew RegisterLMSW-Load Machine Status Word 01 /6 LMSWew Mem=6LOCK-AssertBUS Lock Signal LockLodsw LodsLODS8 LOOP/LOOPcond-Loop Control with CX Counter LSL-LoadSegment Limit 14,mem=16 Load rw = Segment Limit, selector ewLTR-Load Task Register 00 /3 LTR ew 17,mem=19Mem=3 Move word register into EA word Opcode Instruction Clocks DescriptionMem=3 Move byte register into EA byte Mem=5 Move EA byte into byte registerInterrupt 13 for a word operand at offset Offffh MOVS8 MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW-Move Data from String to StringMovs MovswMUL-Unsigned Multiplication of AL or AX NEG ew NEG-TwosComplement NegationNEG eb NOP-No Operation NOT-OnesComplement Negation NotOR- Logical Inclusive or OUT OX,AX OUT OX,ALOutput byte AL to port number OX Output word AX to port number OXOutsw OutsOutsb POP POP SSInter FlAGS Undefined PopaPOPF-Pop from Stack into the Flags Register PopfPush CS PUSH-Push a Word onto the StackPush Push SSPUSHA-Push All General Registers Pushf PUSHF-Push Flags Register onto the StackPush flag~ register ROL RCLRCR RORInterrupt 13 for a word operand at offset Offffh REP Insw REP INSREP Insb REP Movs80286 Instruction SET RET -Return from Procedure RETReturn to Same Level Return to Outer Privilege LevelSahf -Store AH into Flags SahfSHR SALSAR Interrupt 13 for a word operand at offset Offffh SBB-Integer Subtraction With Borrow SBBSCAS/SCASB/SCASW-Compare String Data Sgdt /SIDT-Store Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register 101SLOT-Store Local Descriptor Table Register Smsw -Store Machine Status Word 103STe-SetCarry Flag 104STOSetDirection Flag STOSTI-Set Interrupt Enable Flag STIStoss Stosw108 STR-Store Task Register00 /1 STR ew Mem=3 SUB-Integer Subtraction SUBTEST-Logical Compare Test14,mem=16 VERR,VERW-Verifya Segment for Reading or Writing14,mem=16 Set ZF=1 if seg. can be read, selector ew 111112 WAIT-Wait Until Busy Pin Is Inactive High WaitXCHG- Exchange Memory/Register with Register XchgXlatb Xlat -Table Look-up TranslationXlat mb Set AL to memory byte Osbx + unsigned 115XOR-Logical Exclusive or XORAppendix 8086/8088 Compatibility Considerations Page Software Compatibility Considerations Table C-1. New 80286 InterruptsPushbp MOVBP,SP XCHGBP,BP Hardware Compatibility Considerations Page 80286/80386 Software Page 80286/80386 Softvvare 80286/80386 Software Compatibility Considerations Index Index-1Index-2 Index-3 LODS/LODSB/LODSW, 3-24, B-69 Index-4Index-5 Index-6 Numeric Processor Extension NPX Page AN Introduction to 80286 MicrosystemOrganization of This Manual Related PublicationsChapter Overview of Numeric Processing Unnormals-Descendents of Denormal OperandsChapter SYSTEM-LEVEL Numeric Programming Glossary of 80287 and FLOATING-POINT Terminology Index 80287Tables Storage Allocation DirectivesOverview of Numeric Processing Page Introduction to the 80287 Numeric Processor Extension PerformanceOverview of Numeric Processing Fxam StackO assumed ExamineApplications ± Vb2 4acUpgradability Programming Interface PASCAL-286 FORTRAN-286Hardware Interface Numeric Data Types~r=~=~ Numeric Processor Architecture NPX Register StackNPX Status Word 80287 Register SetControl Word Status WordInfinity, positive Inter Tag Word Format Computation Fundamentals Number SystemData Types and Formats Number SystemData Formats Binary Integers Rounding Control Precision Control ·6. Rounding ModesSpecial Computational Situations Special Numeric ValuesNonnormal Real Numbers Denormalization Process Overview of Numeric ProcessingUnnormals-Descendents of Denormal Operands FIST, FISTP, Fbstp FrndintFsqrt FLDInfinity Fprem FLD, FBLD1 FILD2 FST,FSTPFbstp FIST, Fistp Fsqrt+co Ftst FrndintFxtract Zero Smallest LargestSmallest ......1 ---- 15 bits-----l..~1U U ZeroU U2 Bits Significand· Class NaNs16. Temporary Real Encodings Sign Biased Exponent NormalsZero Divisor 16. Temporary Real Encodings ContdInvalid Operation Overview of Numeric Processing Denormalized Operand 17. Exception Conditions and Masked Responses 17. Exception Conditions and Masked Responses Contd Masked response to overflow exception earlier11. Arithmetic Example Using Infinity Software Exception Handling Programming Numeric Applications Page Numeric Operands 80287 NPX Instruction SETCompatibility with the 8087 NPX FAD D destination, source Data Transfer InstructionsProgramming Numeric Applications Arithmetic Instructions Arithmetic Instructions Fmulp FaddFsub Fdiv AzimuthFsubrp / /destination/source Fprem Condition Code Interpretation after Fprem Comparison Instructions Programming Numeric Applications FabsFcom / /source Condition Code Interpretation after FcomFcompp FxamFptan STO 1rFYL2X FpatanF2XM1 FYL2XP1Constant Instructions Processor Control Instructions Finitifninit Fstsw AX/FNSTSW AX FSAVE/FRSTOR Memory Layout Fstenvifldenv Memory Layout Ffree destination Instruction Execution Time 12. Key to Operand TypesProgramming Numeric Applications 13. Execution Penalties Instruction Length ·14. Instruction Set Reference Data 14. Instruction Set Reference Data Contd Fdivp Programming Numeric Applications FdecstpFdiv FdivrFicom TOOL.NPASSES Ffree ST1Fiadd DISTANCE..TRAVELLED Fiadd Pulsecount SI Ficom BP+4.PARMCOUNTFild RESPONSE.COUNT Fidivr FrequencyFild Standoff DI Fimul BearingFistp BX.ALPHACOUNT SI Fist OBS.COUNTSIFist BP.FACTOREDPULSES Fistp CorrectedtimeFldcw Controlword FLD Reading 81.PRE88UREFLO 8AVEREADING FLDLG2Flopi FLOL2EFLOL2T FlozFpatan Fmul SpeedfactorFmulp ST1,ST Frstor BP ·14. Instruction Set Reference Data ContdFptan Fsave BPFST Meanreading FST ST3FST Correlation Fstcw SavecontrolFstp Totaldosage Fstp BX.ADJUSTEDRPMFstp ST2 Fstp Regsave SIFsubr BX.INDEX Fsubr ST,ST1Fsubr Vectorsi Fsubrp ST1,STFYL2XP1 Fxch ST2FYL2X Programming Facilities High-Level Languages15. PLlM-286 Built-In Procedures ASM286 Interpretation Data TypesBIT String Shorti Nteger OFFFFFF82H HEX Must Start TR E Q Status Word Record DefinitionFsub Alpha SI 17. Addressing Mode ExamplesFiaooalpha FOIVRALPHA.BETA Filo BP.BETAIt *it Sample PL/M-286 ProgramEmulation Concurrent Processing withIntel Programming Numeric Applications ·7. Sample ASM286 ProgramSample ASM286 Program Contd Managing Concurrency Instruction SynchronizationData Synchronization Error Synchronization Synchronizing References to Shared DataMOV Fsgrt System-Level Numeric Programming Page Processor Extension Data Channel Real-Address Mode and Protected Virtual-Address ModeArchitecture System Initialization Dedicated and Reserved 1/0 LocationsProcessor Initialization and Control Recognizing. the 80287 NPXSYSTEM-LEVEL Numeric Programming Software Routine to RecognizeConfiguring the Numerics Environment Initializing NPX Processor State Following InitializationInter Handling Numeric Processing ExceptionsSimultaneous Exception Response Precedence of NPX Exceptions Numeric Programming Examples Page Chapter Numeric Programming Examples Jump Table for Examine Routine XAMNumeric Programming Examples Conditional Branching for Fxam ContdProc MOV Byte PTR IBP-121, OH Fldenv Fnsave BP-941 FLOATING-POINT to Ascii Conversion Examples It116 Ebde DoeF \ii.t 4BB Lei Function. Partitioning Description of Operation Exception ConsiderationsSpecial Instructions Scaling the Value Output Format Trigonometric Calculation ExamplesCalculating Trigonometric Functions Numeric Programming Examples207 Arg 0o,3 Coce 4676 Page Machine Instruction Encoding and Decoding Page OP-A MOD OP-S Displacement Format OP-AMOD REGMachine Instruction Encoding and Decoding Table A·2. Machine Instruction Decodin.9 GuideMOD01 Machine Instruction Encoding and DecodingModoo MOD10Table A-2. Machine Instruction Decoding Guide Contd Fstswax 1REGOreg XXXPage Appendix Compatibility Between NPX Page Appendix B Compatibility Between 80287 NPXNI NIT Appendixc· Page Appendix C Implementing the Ieee P754 Standard Additional Software to Meet the Standard Implementing the Ieee P754 Standard Page Glossary of 80287 and Floating-Point Terminology Page Glossary FLOATING-POINT Terminology Glossary-1Inter Glossary of 80287 and FLOATING-POINT Terminology Glossary of 80287 and FLOATING-POINT Terminology Glossary-3Glossary-4 Glossary of 80287 and FLOATING-POINT Terminology Page Index Index-2 NO-WAIT Form Index-4 Inter Inter IntJ European Sales Offices