Principles of Operation, PMT Preamp Block Diagram | Teledyne 9110T

Model 9110T NOx Analyzer

Principles of Operation

Note

These adjustments should only be performed when encountering

problems with the software calibration that cannot be rectified otherwise.

See Section 12.8.4 for more information about this hardware calibration.

Figure 13-22: PMT Preamp Block Diagram

The PMT preamplifier PCA also operates two different tests used to calibrate and check the performance of the sensor module.

∙The electrical test (ETEST) circuit generates a constant, electronic signal intended to simulate the output of the PMT (after conversion from current to voltage). By bypassing the detector’s actual

Teledyne Analytical Instruments

354

Image 354

Teledyne 9110T instruction manual Principles of Operation, PMT Preamp Block Diagram

Contents

Teledyne Electronic Technologies M9110T Date 11/15/13 Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Copyright 2013 Teledyne Analytical Instruments Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Specific Configuration Model 9110T- Standard Touch Screen Version Pump Mounting Options Model 9110T NOx AnalyzerSpecific ConfigurationMounting Options Rear Panel Gas Fittings This option includes two concentration alarm relays Background Gas Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Specific Configuration Customer Service Department Safety MessagesModel 9110TH NOx Analyzer Safety Messages Or by accessing various service options on our website at Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Safety Messages Consignes DE SécuritéMise EN Garde About this Manual Instrument and possibly invalidate the warrantyMaintenance of the analyzer or its parts Organization This page intentionally left blank Table of Contents Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Table of Contents Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Table of Contents 285 Appendix a Version Specific Software Documentation Figures 229 Tables Ventilation Clearance 325 This page intentionally left blank Part General Information Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Part Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Part Features OverviewModel 9110TH NOx Analyzer Introduction Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Introduction DocumentationOptions Analyzer Options Description/Notes Reference Number Ambient Zero and Ambient Span Valves Option Description/Notes Reference Number9110T Analyzer Weighs about 18 KG 40 Pounds Ambient Zero and Pressurized Span Valves USB Port For remote connection Specifications 9110T Basic Unit Specifications ParameterSpecification Parameter Specification Software Settings for EPA Equivalence ParameterEPA Equivalency Designation Calibration Approvals and CertificationsOther Type Certifications North American This page intentionally left blank Unpacking the 9110T Analyzer Instrument warranty. Refer to for more information onUnder Customer Support Return Authorization Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Getting Started Instrument LayoutVentilation Clearance 10 cm / 4 Front Panel Front Panel Layout Buttons Display Screen and Touch Control Display Screen and Touch Control Description Field Description/Function Actual display Rear Panel Provides a description of each component on the rear panel Internal Chassis Layout Internal Layout Top View with IZS Option Internal Layout Top View Showing Other Options Connecting Analog Inputs Option Connections and SetupConnecting Power Electrical Connections Connecting Analog Outputs Analog Input Pin AssignmentsPIN Description DAS Parameter Current Loop Analog Outputs Option 41 Setup Test Channel Current Loop Option Installed on the Motherboard Connecting the Status Outputs 10 Status Output Connector Status Output Pin Assignments Input # Connecting the Control InputsDiag Mode On Condition Concentration Alarm Relay Option Alarm 1 RelayAlarm 2 Relay & Alarm 3 Relay Connecting the Communications Interfaces Alarm 4 Relay Communication Configuration SectionBefore using Anything other than Multidrop communication 13 Rear Panel Connector Pin-Outs for RS-232 Mode Using RS-485 operation ∙ Parity NoneRS-232 Multidrop Option 62 Connection 15 Jumper and Cables for Multidrop Mode Last Analyzer HostAnalyzer Time, each by its unique ID see above Testing it before setting up the rest of the chain Pneumatic ConnectionsRS-485 Connection About Zero Air and Calibration Span Gas Been made check all pneumatic fittings for leaks usingProcedures defined in Section Cc3/min x Calibration Span GAS CylindersAvailable NIST-SRM Type Nominal Concentration Span GAS for Multipoint Calibration Teledyne Analytical Instruments Connect a sample gas line to the Sample inlet Sample GAS SourceCalibration GAS Sources Venting Pneumatic Layout for Basic Configuration13.3.13.2 or 13.3.13.3 for detailed check if leak suspected Exhaust Outlet 19 Pneumatics, Basic Configuration This valve package includes Attach a sample inlet line to the Sample inlet fitting 20 Rear Panel Layout with Z/S Valve Options OPT 50A 13.3.12 Mode Valve Condition Valve Port Status Sample Teledyne Analytical Instruments Attach a line to the SPAN2/VENT outlet. It should be Pneumatic Layout for Ambient ZERO/PRESSURIZED Span OPT 50B 10 Valve Operating States OPT 50B installed Mode Valve Condition Valve Port StatusZero Scrubber and Internal Span Source IZS OPT 50G Internal Span GAS Generation Nitric Acid and the Chemistry of NO2 Permeation Tubes Pneumatic Layout for Zero Scrubber and IZS OPT 50G Gas Conditioner Options Ammonia Removal Sample Conditioner OPT 86AZero AIR Scrubber OPT 86C, for Z/S Valves Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started STARTUP, Functional CHECKS, and Initial Calibration Start UP Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started 12 Possible Warning Messages at Start-Up Functional Checks Initial Calibration Following procedure assumes that Interferents for NOX, no and NO2 MeasurementsCalibration on the analyzer Verifying the Reporting Range Settings No x Must be identical Verify the Precise Concentration Value of the Span gasesIndependently Verifying the Expected NOX and no Span GAS Concentration Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started Improving our service and our products. Thank YOU Initial ZERO/SPAN Calibration Procedure This page intentionally left blank Page Part Operating Instructions Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Part Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Overview of Operating Modes An allowable value, the Entr button will re-appear Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Overview of Operating Modes Sample ModeTest Functions Analyzer Operating Modes To view these Test functions, press Samp Absolute atmospheric pressure Viewing 9110T Test Functions System Reset Cannot DYN SpanCannot DYN Zero Calibration Mode Setup Mode Secondary Setup Menu Setup MORE Password SecurityPrimary Setup Menu Primary Setup Mode Features and Functions Entered value had not been accepted Setup DAS Internal Data Acquisition System Setup  CFG Configuration InformationSetup ACAL Automatic Calibration Option Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Setup Menu Physical Ranges Setup RNGE Analog Output Reporting Range ConfigurationModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Setup Menu Analog Output Reporting Ranges When switching between reporting range modes, Always check Analog OUTFor the other modes Analog Output Reporting Range Default Settings Reset the upper range limits for the new mode selection IND Mode Analog Output Assignments Teledyne Analytical Instruments 100 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 101 High physical ranges referred to in Section Teledyne Analytical Instruments 103 Setup  Rnge  DIL Using the Optional Dilution Ratio Feature Importantimpact on Readings or Data Teledyne Analytical Instruments 105 Password Levels Setup  Pass Password ProtectionTo enable passwords, press Password Level Has to press Entr to access the password-protected menus Setup  CLK Setting the Internal TIME-OF-DAY Clock Setting the Time of DAY Adjusting the Internal CLOCK’S Speed Setup  Comm Communications Ports ID Machine Identification Inet Ethernet Setup  Vars Variables Setup and DefinitionUse the SETUPCOMMCOM1COM2 menus to COM1COM2 MODE, Baude Rate and Test Port Allowed Vars Variable Description Default Values OFFAuto Teledyne Analytical Instruments 113 Setup  Diag Diagnostics Functions Teledyne Analytical Instruments 115 STSYSTEMOK=ON Stsystemok = on Analog I/O Configuration Diag AIO Analog Output Diag Aout To access the Analog I/O Configuration sub menu, press Accessing the Analog I/O Configuration Submenus Analog Output Voltage Range Min/Max Range Name Range Span Minimum Output Maximum OutputCurr Teledyne Analytical Instruments 120 Analog output is enabled. See Section Automatic Individual Calibration of the Analog Outputs Teledyne Analytical Instruments 122 Adjusted. See Section Teledyne Analytical Instruments 124 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 125 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 126 Turning AN Analog Output OVER-RANGE Feature ON/OFF Current Loop Output Check Adding a Recorder Offset to AN Analog Output Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Setup Menu AIN Calibration External Analog Inputs XIN1…XIN8 Option Configuration SET Exit Teledyne Analytical Instruments 131 Test functions available to be reported are listed in Table Optic Test To activate the Test Channel and select a function, press Flow Calibration Electrical TestOzone GEN Override Changes with low-level calibration Communication Modes Communication MODES, Baud Rate and Port TestingData Terminal / Communication Equipment DTE DEC MODE1 Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Communications Setup and Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 137 COM Port Testing COM Port Baud Rate Secondary Setup Menu Comm Vars Sample RANGE=500.0 PPB NOX= TST TST CAL SetupSetup X.X Primary Setup Menu Communications Menu Ethernet To configure Ethernet communication manuallyEthernet Status Indicators LED Function Teledyne Analytical Instruments 141 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 142 Default Ethernet setting is Dhcp Access the Communications Menu SETUPMORECOMM, see Teledyne Analytical Instruments 145 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 146 USB Port for Remote Access Baud Rate COM2 Mode Settings Quiet Mode Computer Mode 1 ModePC match check the PC baud rate and change if needed Communications Protocols Minimum RequirementsActions Teledyne Analytical Instruments 150 Properly set RS-232 Communication Parameters for Hessen ProtocolParameter Standard Hessen Activating Hessen Protocol Teledyne Analytical Instruments 153 To Select a Hessen response mode, press Mode ID Mode Description CMDTo select a Hessen Protocol Type press BCC Hessen Protocol GAS List Entry Format and Definitions GAS TYPE,RANGE,GAS ID,REPORTED NO, 0, 212, Reported NO2, 0, 213, Reported To add or edit an entry to the Hessen Gas List, pressEditing or Adding Hessen GAS List Entries To delete an entry from the Hessen Gas list, press Deleting Hessen GAS List Entries Setting Hessen Protocol Status Flags Operational Flags Default Hessen Status Flag AssignmentsStatus Flag NAME3 Default BIT Assignment Unassigned Flags To assign or reset the status flag bit assignments, press Instrument ID This page intentionally left blank Page Interface for DAS changes Section There is resetFront Panel LED Status Indicators for DAS LED State DAS Structure DAS ChannelsChannels Enabled Default DAS ChannelsProperty Description Default Setting Range Channel CAL Hold OFF Settings Teledyne Analytical Instruments 167 Viewing DAS Data and Settings DAS View Touchscreen Functions Button Name NXCNC1 Trigger Event Atimer Translates to the following configurationNXCNC1 ATIMER, 5 Editing DAS Data Channels Teledyne Analytical Instruments 170 Manual Changed during data acquisition DAS Data Parameter Functions Teledyne Analytical Instruments 173 AVG, SDEV, MIN or MAX sample modes see .1.3.3, Stored and reported to the Comm portsReport period Report Periods in Progress when Instrument Is Powered Off Editing the Number of Records Teledyne Analytical Instruments 177 Holdoff Feature ON/OFF Teledyne Analytical Instruments 179 Starting Date Feature Disabling/Enabling Data Channels Remote DAS Configuration DAS Configuration VIA Apicom Teledyne Analytical Instruments 182 DAS Configuration VIA Terminal Emulation Programs Whereas the editing, adding and deleting of DAS channelsAdvised before attempting any DAS changes Teledyne Analytical Instruments 184 Remote Control VIA Apicom Computer ModeInteractive Mode Remote Control VIA a Terminal Emulation Program Command Command Type Command SyntaxTerminal Mode Software Commands Where Data Types Status ReportingGeneral Message Format Remote Access by Modem Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Remote OperationAT Y0 D0 H0 I0 S0=0 Remote Access by Modem To initialize the modem press Teledyne Analytical Instruments 190 Password Security for Serial Remote Communications Where N is any numeral between 0 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 192 Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Calibration Procedures Calibration Quality Analysis Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Calibration Procedures Before CalibrationRequired EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES, and Expendables Span Gas Calibration GasesZero Air Example 2.4. NO2 Permeation Tubes Data Recording DevicesSpan Gas for Multipoint Calibration Measured medium as closely as possible 4. NO2 Conversion Efficiency CE ZERO/SPAN Calibration Checks VS. ZERO/SPAN Calibration Teledyne Analytical Instruments 198 Performing a Basic Manual Calibration See for troubleshooting tipsPerforming a Basic Manual Calibration Check Outside the allowable range for a reliable calibration Setting the Expected Span Gas Concentration Entered properly in the conversion efficiency setting For troubleshooting tips Manual Calibration with the Internal Span GAS Generator As a calibration source Setup for Calibration with the Internal Span GAS Generator CAL on NO2 FeatureCheck is performed Teledyne Analytical Instruments 204 Troubleshooting tips Teledyne Analytical Instruments 206 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 207 Calibration. See for troubleshooting tips Setup for Calibration Using Valve Options Manual Calibration Checks with Valve Options Installed Sample TST TST CAL Cals Setup Manual Calibration Using Valve Options Teledyne Analytical Instruments 212 Automatic ZERO/SPAN CAL/CHECK Autocal Mode Name ActionDisabled Autocal Modes Always be set to OFF AutoCal Attribute Setup ParametersFor US EPA controlled/related applications Analyzer’s sample port 15.0 Sept100 AM 0030 Setup  Acal Programming and Auto CAL Sequence To program the example sequence shown in -4, press Teledyne Analytical Instruments 217 Entr button will disappear from the display Calibration Quality Analysis No Offs No Slope NOX Offs NOX Slope Separate flow meter is required for this procedure GAS Flow Calibration Calibration General Guidelines Model 9110T NOx Analyzer EPA Protocol Calibration Calibration EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES, and Expendables Spare Parts and Expendable Supplies Data Recording Device Calibration FrequencyCalibration GAS and Zero AIR Sources Record Keeping Level 1 Calibrations Versus Level 2 Checks Definition of Level 1 and Level 2 Zero and Span Checks GPT Principle of Operation GAS Phase Titration GPTGPT Calibrator Check Procedure Equation ≤ 2min Example GPT Calculation Have to be made, and TR and PR will have to be recalculated GPT Multipoint Calibration Procedure Conditions of use against a reliable standardHandbook, Vol. II, Part 1, Appendix SET UP for GPT Multipoint Calibration of the 9110T GPT Calibration System Zero Calibration Span Calibration See the Troubleshooting if there are problems GPT NO2 Check Other Quality Assurance Procedures Summary of Quality Assurance Checks ZERO/SPAN Check Procedures Short Calibration Checks Precision Check Procedure Certification of Working StandardsPrecision Check Other Methods of Establishing Traceability Certification Procedures of Working StandardsReferences Standard Teledyne Analytical Instruments 236 Part Maintenance and Service Teledyne Analytical Instruments 238 Maintenance Schedule Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Instrument Maintenance 9110T Maintenance Schedule CAL Date Performed Action Freq Check REQ’D Predictive Uses for Test Functions Predictive DiagnosticsMaintenance Procedures Function Expected Actual Interpretation & Action Replacing the Sample Particulate Filter Replacing the Particulate Filter Ensure to use proper wrenches Risk of causing a significant leakChanging the O3 Dryer Particulate Filter Turn against the Perma Pure dryer Changing the Ozone Cleanser Chemical Teledyne Analytical Instruments 245 Offsets, which may take 2-3 weeks to disappear Rebuilding the Pump Maintaining the External Sample Pump Pump PackChanging the Pump DFU Filter Replacing the Scrubber Procedure for Replacing Filters on External Pumps Procedure for Replacing Filters on Internal Pumps Room temperature and will contaminate the entire instrument Changing the Internal Span GAS Generator Permeation TubeChanging the External Zero AIR Scrubber OPT 86C Teledyne Analytical Instruments 250 Zero Air Scrubber Assembly Changing the External Scrubber’s DFU Filter Changing the NO2 Converter HOT Surface Hazard Teledyne Analytical Instruments 253 Cleaning the Reaction Cell Teledyne Analytical Instruments 255 To clean or replace a critical flow orifice Replacing Critical Flow Orifices Checking for Light Leaks From the vacuum port to get the parts out of the manifold Assembly Checking for Pneumatic LeaksSimple Vacuum Leak and Pump Check Detailed Pressure Leak Check Surfaces Performing a Sample Flow Check InstrumentThis value is only calculated, not measured General Troubleshooting Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Troubleshooting & Service Fault Diagnosis with Warning Messages Teledyne Analytical Instruments 263 Front Panel Warning Messages XXX.X MVOzone Flow Teledyne Analytical Instruments 265 Pressure Fault Diagnosis with Test FunctionsOUT of Range reading Can also cause changes in the absolute atmospheric pressure Diag  Signal I/O Using the Diagnostic Signal I/O Function Indicated Failures These signals upon exit Under this menu Using the Analog Output Test Channel Test Channel Outputs as Diagnostic Tools Relay PCA Status Leds Using the Internal Electronic Status LedsCPU Status Indicator 12.3.2.1. I2C Bus Watchdog Status LEDs D1 RED LED Color Function Fault Indicated Failures Status LED ROWD10 Green NO/NOx Valve D9 Green AutoZero Valve Relay PCA Status LED Failure Indications Sample Flow is Zero or Low GAS Flow ProblemsZero or LOW Flow Problems About 1 in-Hg per 300 m / 1000 ft Check pressures Ozone Flow is Zero or Low Check if the particle filter is clogged High Flow Sample Flow is Zero or Low but Analyzer Reports Correct Flow Calibration Problems Negative Concentrations No Response Unstable Zero and Span Inability to Span no Span Button Cals Inability to Zero no Zero Button Calz NON-LINEAR Response Discrepancy Between Analog Output and Display Discrepancy Between no and NOX Slopes Other Performance Problems Excessive NoiseSlow Response Auto Zero Warnings Dirty reaction cell can cause high Auto Zero values AC Main Power DC Power SupplySubsystem Checkout DC Power Test Point and Wiring Color Codes DC Power Supply Acceptable LevelsFrom Test Channel / Analog Outputs Voltage LCD/DISPLAY ModuleMotherboard Touchscreen Interface Full Scale Output of Voltage Range 12.7.6.2. A/D FunctionsAnalog Output Test Function Nominal Values Voltage Outputs Step Nominal Output Voltage Status Outputs To test the status output electronicsOzoneflow Control Inputs 10 Status Outputs Check Pressure / Flow Sensor Assembly Basic PCA Operation CheckSample Pressure Sensor Check Vacuum Pressure Sensor Check General RS-232 TroubleshootingRS-232 Communications 12.7.7.4. O3 Flow Sensor Check Troubleshooting Analyzer/Modem or Terminal Operation RS-232 Programming Notes TAI P/N 12.7.10.1. NO2  no Converter Electrical System Doubt, consult the factory Calculating / Checking Converter Efficiency Teledyne Analytical Instruments 294 Evaluating NO2  no Converter Performance Step Simplified GPT Calibration There must be a minimum of 10% more no than O3 produced Concentration must be used must be 440 ppb or more Teledyne Analytical Instruments 298 OUT-GASSING no NOX NOx Loss Photomultiplier Tube PMT Sensor Module Optic TestTo activate the optics test, press To activate the electrical test, press High Voltage Power Supply PMT Preamplifier Board PMT Temperature Control PCA 12.7.15. O3 Generator 12.7.15.1. O3 Generator Override Internal Span GAS Generator and Valve Options Exit the menu Temperature Sensor Box Temperature SensorPMT Temperature Sensor Control Teledyne Analytical Instruments 307 Procedures. Contact Teledyne Customer Service Department Service ProceduresDISK-ON-MODULE Replacement Procedure Expendables are discussed in Instrument Maintenance 12.8.2. O3 Generator Replacement Sample and Ozone Perma Pure Dryer ReplacementAnalyzer has warmed up for about 60 minutes PMT Sensor Hardware Calibration To calibrate the PMT preamplifier PCA Teledyne Analytical Instruments 311 Replacing the PMT, Hvps or TEC Between measure and Auto Zero modesQualified Personnel Ensure to replace the 5 desiccant bags inside the housing 9110T Sensor Assembly Teledyne Analytical Instruments 314 Removing / Replacing the Relay PCA from the Instrument 10 Relay PCA with AC Relay Retainer In Place Frequently Asked Questions QuestionAnswer Teledyne Analytical Instruments 317 Technical Assistance Analytical Instruments Measurement Principle Chemiluminescence Creation in the 9110T Reaction CellModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Principles of Operation Optical Filter Chemiluminescence Detection in the 9110T Reaction CellPhoto Multiplier Tube PMT NO2* →NO2 + hν1200nm NOX and NO2 Determination Tensit XNO2 + yMo→ xNO + MyOz at 315C Measurement Interferences Direct Interference Light Leaks Reaction Cell Temperature Control List of InterferentsGas Interference Type Rejection Method Both leak tight and not pressurized over ambient pressure Pneumatic OperationSample GAS Flow Zero a perfect vacuum Teledyne Analytical Instruments 327 Vacuum Manifold Basic Internal Gas Flow for Basic 9110T with Internal Pump 9110T Valve Cycle Phases Sample Gas Flow Valves and RoutingNO/ no Flow Rate Control Critical Flow Orifices Critical Flow Orifice Teledyne Analytical Instruments 331 Maintained at a constant temperature Ozone GAS Generation and AIR FlowO3 Generator Ozone Generator Dry Air Supply 10 Ozone Generator Principle Teledyne Analytical Instruments 334 Ozone Destruct Pneumatic SensorsOzone Supply Air Filter Down, the generator is turned on immediately Sample Gas Flow Calculation Sample Pressure SensorVacuum Pressure Sensor Samplepressure 13.2.4.4. O3 Supply Air Flow Sensor 13 9110T Electronic Block Diagram Electronic Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 339 Disk-On-Module Flash Chip Sensor Inputs Thermistor Interface Motherboard see Section Analog OutputsExternal Digital I/O Reported nor stored Internal Digital I/O Only until signal I/O menu is exitedTo their normal value/setting 13.3.3.7. I2C Data Bus 15 Relay PCA Layout P/N Electrical Shock Hazard Status LED’s 16 Relay PCA P/N 045230100 with AC Relay Retainer in Place Color Function Status When Lit Status When Unlit Relay PCA Status LED’s Watchdog Circuitry Valve ControlYellow no 2  no Converter Heater Teledyne Analytical Instruments 349 TC1 Not Used Sensor MODULE, Reaction CellTC2 TC1 20 9110T Sensor Module Assembly Photo Multiplier Tube PMT PMT Preamplifier PMT preamplifier board provides a variety of functions 22 PMT Preamp Block Diagram Principles of Operation PMT Cooling System 23 Typical Thermo-Electric Cooler PMT Pneumatic Sensor BoardTEC Control Board Preamp Power SUPPLY/CIRCUIT Breaker All AC and DC Voltages are distributed via the relay PCA Hvps PMT AC Power ConfigurationSensor Module Logic Devices Configuration Jumpers for Optional AC Heaters Pump ConfigurationConfiguration Jumpers For AC Heaters AC Power Configuration for Internal Pumps JP7 VAC /115 VAC VAC / 240 VAC AC Configuration Heaters for Option Packages JP6Power Configuration for Standard AC Heaters JP2 White RED Power Configuration for Optional Heaters JP6Jumper Heaters Between Function Color Pins IZS 30 Front Panel and Display Interface Block Diagram Front Panel TOUCHSCREEN/DISPLAY Interface Software Operation Lvds Transmitter BoardFront Panel TOUCHSCREEN/DISPLAY Interface PCA TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE Compensation TPC Adaptive FilterCalibration Slope and Offset Teledyne Analytical Instruments 366 Static Generation Voltages for Typical Activities HOW Static Charges are CreatedModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Primer on ESD Means of Generation Sensitivity of Electronic Devices to Damage by ESD HOW ELECTRO-STATIC Charges Cause DamagePotentially damaging electro-static discharges can occur Damage Susceptibility Voltage Common Myths about ESD Damage Basic Principles of Static ControlGeneral Rules Teledyne Analytical Instruments 370 Working AT the Instrument Rack Working AT AN ANTI-ESD Work Bench Opening Shipments from TAI Customer Service Transferring Components Between Rack and Bench Packing Components for Return to TAI Customer Service ESD Hazard Teledyne Analytical Instruments 374 Glossary Model 9110T NOx Analyzer GlossaryTerm Description/Definition Teledyne Analytical Instruments 376 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 377 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 378