GAS Flow Calibration | Teledyne 9110T manual

Model 9110T NOx Analyzer

Calibration Procedures

9.7. GAS FLOW CALIBRATION

Rate of sample gas and O3 flow through the 9110T is a key part of the NOx, NO and NO2 concentration calculations. The FLOW CALIBRATION submenu located under the DIAG menu allows the calibration/ adjustment of these calculations.

Note	A separate flow meter is required for this procedure.

To calibrate the flow of gas calculations made by the CPU, press.

: .

Teledyne Analytical Instruments

220

Image 220

Teledyne 9110T instruction manual GAS Flow Calibration, Separate flow meter is required for this procedure

Contents

Teledyne Electronic Technologies M9110T Date 11/15/13 Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Copyright 2013 Teledyne Analytical Instruments Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Specific Configuration Model 9110T- Standard Touch Screen Version Model 9110T NOx AnalyzerSpecific Configuration Mounting OptionsPump Mounting Options Rear Panel Gas Fittings This option includes two concentration alarm relays Background Gas Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Specific Configuration Safety Messages Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Safety MessagesCustomer Service Department Or by accessing various service options on our website at Consignes DE Sécurité Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Safety MessagesMise EN Garde Instrument and possibly invalidate the warranty Maintenance of the analyzer or its partsAbout this Manual Organization This page intentionally left blank Table of Contents Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Table of Contents Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Table of Contents 285 Appendix a Version Specific Software Documentation Figures 229 Tables Ventilation Clearance 325 This page intentionally left blank Part General Information Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Part Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Part Overview FeaturesModel 9110TH NOx Analyzer Introduction Documentation OptionsModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Introduction Analyzer Options Description/Notes Reference Number Option Description/Notes Reference Number 9110T Analyzer Weighs about 18 KG 40 PoundsAmbient Zero and Ambient Span Valves Ambient Zero and Pressurized Span Valves USB Port For remote connection 9110T Basic Unit Specifications Parameter SpecificationsSpecification Software Settings for EPA Equivalence Parameter Parameter SpecificationEPA Equivalency Designation Approvals and Certifications Other Type CertificationsCalibration North American This page intentionally left blank Instrument warranty. Refer to for more information on Under Customer Support Return AuthorizationUnpacking the 9110T Analyzer Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started Instrument Layout Ventilation ClearanceModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Getting Started 10 cm / 4 Front Panel Front Panel Layout Buttons Display Screen and Touch Control Display Screen and Touch Control Description Field Description/Function Actual display Rear Panel Provides a description of each component on the rear panel Internal Chassis Layout Internal Layout Top View with IZS Option Internal Layout Top View Showing Other Options Connections and Setup Connecting PowerConnecting Analog Inputs Option Electrical Connections Analog Input Pin Assignments Connecting Analog OutputsPIN Description DAS Parameter Current Loop Analog Outputs Option 41 Setup Test Channel Current Loop Option Installed on the Motherboard Connecting the Status Outputs 10 Status Output Connector Status Output Pin Assignments Connecting the Control Inputs Diag ModeInput # On Condition Alarm 1 Relay Concentration Alarm Relay OptionAlarm 2 Relay & Alarm 3 Relay Connecting the Communications Interfaces Alarm 4 Relay Configuration Section Before usingCommunication Anything other than Multidrop communication 13 Rear Panel Connector Pin-Outs for RS-232 Mode Using ∙ Parity None RS-485 operationRS-232 Multidrop Option 62 Connection 15 Jumper and Cables for Multidrop Mode Host AnalyzerLast Analyzer Time, each by its unique ID see above Pneumatic Connections Testing it before setting up the rest of the chainRS-485 Connection Been made check all pneumatic fittings for leaks using Procedures defined in SectionAbout Zero Air and Calibration Span Gas Cc3/min x Cylinders AvailableCalibration Span GAS NIST-SRM Type Nominal Concentration Span GAS for Multipoint Calibration Teledyne Analytical Instruments Sample GAS Source Connect a sample gas line to the Sample inletCalibration GAS Sources Pneumatic Layout for Basic Configuration 13.3.13.2 or 13.3.13.3 for detailed check if leak suspectedVenting Exhaust Outlet 19 Pneumatics, Basic Configuration This valve package includes Attach a sample inlet line to the Sample inlet fitting 20 Rear Panel Layout with Z/S Valve Options OPT 50A 13.3.12 Mode Valve Condition Valve Port Status Sample Teledyne Analytical Instruments Attach a line to the SPAN2/VENT outlet. It should be Pneumatic Layout for Ambient ZERO/PRESSURIZED Span OPT 50B Mode Valve Condition Valve Port Status 10 Valve Operating States OPT 50B installedZero Scrubber and Internal Span Source IZS OPT 50G Internal Span GAS Generation Nitric Acid and the Chemistry of NO2 Permeation Tubes Pneumatic Layout for Zero Scrubber and IZS OPT 50G Ammonia Removal Sample Conditioner OPT 86A Gas Conditioner OptionsZero AIR Scrubber OPT 86C, for Z/S Valves Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started STARTUP, Functional CHECKS, and Initial Calibration Start UP Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started 12 Possible Warning Messages at Start-Up Functional Checks Initial Calibration Interferents for NOX, no and NO2 Measurements Following procedure assumes thatCalibration on the analyzer Verifying the Reporting Range Settings Verify the Precise Concentration Value of the Span gases IndependentlyNo x Must be identical Verifying the Expected NOX and no Span GAS Concentration Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started Improving our service and our products. Thank YOU Initial ZERO/SPAN Calibration Procedure This page intentionally left blank Page Part Operating Instructions Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Part Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Overview of Operating Modes An allowable value, the Entr button will re-appear Sample Mode Test FunctionsModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Overview of Operating Modes Analyzer Operating Modes To view these Test functions, press Samp Absolute atmospheric pressure Viewing 9110T Test Functions Cannot DYN Span System ResetCannot DYN Zero Calibration Mode Setup Mode Password Security Primary Setup MenuSecondary Setup Menu Setup MORE Primary Setup Mode Features and Functions Entered value had not been accepted Setup  CFG Configuration Information Setup ACAL Automatic Calibration OptionSetup DAS Internal Data Acquisition System Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Setup Menu Setup RNGE Analog Output Reporting Range Configuration Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Setup MenuPhysical Ranges Analog Output Reporting Ranges Analog OUT When switching between reporting range modes, Always checkFor the other modes Analog Output Reporting Range Default Settings Reset the upper range limits for the new mode selection IND Mode Analog Output Assignments Teledyne Analytical Instruments 100 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 101 High physical ranges referred to in Section Teledyne Analytical Instruments 103 Setup  Rnge  DIL Using the Optional Dilution Ratio Feature Importantimpact on Readings or Data Teledyne Analytical Instruments 105 Setup  Pass Password Protection To enable passwords, pressPassword Levels Password Level Has to press Entr to access the password-protected menus Setup  CLK Setting the Internal TIME-OF-DAY Clock Setting the Time of DAY Adjusting the Internal CLOCK’S Speed Setup  Comm Communications Ports ID Machine Identification Setup  Vars Variables Setup and Definition Use the SETUPCOMMCOM1COM2 menus toInet Ethernet COM1COM2 MODE, Baude Rate and Test Port OFF Allowed Vars Variable Description Default ValuesAuto Teledyne Analytical Instruments 113 Setup  Diag Diagnostics Functions Teledyne Analytical Instruments 115 STSYSTEMOK=ON Stsystemok = on Analog I/O Configuration Diag AIO Analog Output Diag Aout To access the Analog I/O Configuration sub menu, press Accessing the Analog I/O Configuration Submenus Range Name Range Span Minimum Output Maximum Output Analog Output Voltage Range Min/MaxCurr Teledyne Analytical Instruments 120 Analog output is enabled. See Section Automatic Individual Calibration of the Analog Outputs Teledyne Analytical Instruments 122 Adjusted. See Section Teledyne Analytical Instruments 124 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 125 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 126 Turning AN Analog Output OVER-RANGE Feature ON/OFF Current Loop Output Check Adding a Recorder Offset to AN Analog Output Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Setup Menu AIN Calibration External Analog Inputs XIN1…XIN8 Option Configuration SET Exit Teledyne Analytical Instruments 131 Test functions available to be reported are listed in Table Optic Test To activate the Test Channel and select a function, press Electrical Test Ozone GEN OverrideFlow Calibration Changes with low-level calibration Communication MODES, Baud Rate and Port Testing Data Terminal / Communication Equipment DTE DECCommunication Modes MODE1 Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Communications Setup and Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 137 COM Port Testing COM Port Baud Rate Sample RANGE=500.0 PPB NOX= TST TST CAL Setup Setup X.X Primary Setup MenuSecondary Setup Menu Comm Vars Communications Menu To configure Ethernet communication manually Ethernet Status IndicatorsEthernet LED Function Teledyne Analytical Instruments 141 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 142 Default Ethernet setting is Dhcp Access the Communications Menu SETUPMORECOMM, see Teledyne Analytical Instruments 145 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 146 USB Port for Remote Access 1 Mode Baud Rate COM2 Mode Settings Quiet Mode Computer ModePC match check the PC baud rate and change if needed Minimum Requirements Communications ProtocolsActions Teledyne Analytical Instruments 150 RS-232 Communication Parameters for Hessen Protocol Properly setParameter Standard Hessen Activating Hessen Protocol Teledyne Analytical Instruments 153 Mode ID Mode Description CMD To select a Hessen Protocol Type pressTo Select a Hessen response mode, press BCC Hessen Protocol GAS List Entry Format and Definitions GAS TYPE,RANGE,GAS ID,REPORTED To add or edit an entry to the Hessen Gas List, press NO, 0, 212, Reported NO2, 0, 213, ReportedEditing or Adding Hessen GAS List Entries To delete an entry from the Hessen Gas list, press Deleting Hessen GAS List Entries Setting Hessen Protocol Status Flags Default Hessen Status Flag Assignments Status Flag NAME3 Default BIT AssignmentOperational Flags Unassigned Flags To assign or reset the status flag bit assignments, press Instrument ID This page intentionally left blank Page There is reset Front Panel LED Status Indicators for DASInterface for DAS changes Section LED State DAS Channels DAS StructureChannels Default DAS Channels Property Description Default Setting Range ChannelEnabled CAL Hold OFF Settings Teledyne Analytical Instruments 167 Viewing DAS Data and Settings DAS View Touchscreen Functions Button Translates to the following configuration NXCNC1 ATIMER, 5Name NXCNC1 Trigger Event Atimer Editing DAS Data Channels Teledyne Analytical Instruments 170 Manual Changed during data acquisition DAS Data Parameter Functions Teledyne Analytical Instruments 173 Stored and reported to the Comm ports AVG, SDEV, MIN or MAX sample modes see .1.3.3,Report period Report Periods in Progress when Instrument Is Powered Off Editing the Number of Records Teledyne Analytical Instruments 177 Holdoff Feature ON/OFF Teledyne Analytical Instruments 179 Starting Date Feature Disabling/Enabling Data Channels Remote DAS Configuration DAS Configuration VIA Apicom Teledyne Analytical Instruments 182 Whereas the editing, adding and deleting of DAS channels DAS Configuration VIA Terminal Emulation ProgramsAdvised before attempting any DAS changes Teledyne Analytical Instruments 184 Computer Mode Interactive ModeRemote Control VIA Apicom Remote Control VIA a Terminal Emulation Program Command Syntax Terminal Mode Software CommandsCommand Command Type Where Status Reporting Data TypesGeneral Message Format Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Remote Operation Remote Access by ModemAT Y0 D0 H0 I0 S0=0 Remote Access by Modem To initialize the modem press Teledyne Analytical Instruments 190 Password Security for Serial Remote Communications Where N is any numeral between 0 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 192 Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Calibration Procedures Calibration Quality Analysis Before Calibration Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Calibration ProceduresRequired EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES, and Expendables Calibration Gases Zero AirSpan Gas Example Data Recording Devices Span Gas for Multipoint Calibration2.4. NO2 Permeation Tubes Measured medium as closely as possible 4. NO2 Conversion Efficiency CE ZERO/SPAN Calibration Checks VS. ZERO/SPAN Calibration Teledyne Analytical Instruments 198 See for troubleshooting tips Performing a Basic Manual Calibration CheckPerforming a Basic Manual Calibration Outside the allowable range for a reliable calibration Setting the Expected Span Gas Concentration Entered properly in the conversion efficiency setting For troubleshooting tips Manual Calibration with the Internal Span GAS Generator As a calibration source CAL on NO2 Feature Setup for Calibration with the Internal Span GAS GeneratorCheck is performed Teledyne Analytical Instruments 204 Troubleshooting tips Teledyne Analytical Instruments 206 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 207 Calibration. See for troubleshooting tips Setup for Calibration Using Valve Options Manual Calibration Checks with Valve Options Installed Sample TST TST CAL Cals Setup Manual Calibration Using Valve Options Teledyne Analytical Instruments 212 Mode Name Action DisabledAutomatic ZERO/SPAN CAL/CHECK Autocal Autocal Modes AutoCal Attribute Setup Parameters For US EPA controlled/related applicationsAlways be set to OFF Analyzer’s sample port Sept 100 AM15.0 0030 Setup  Acal Programming and Auto CAL Sequence To program the example sequence shown in -4, press Teledyne Analytical Instruments 217 Entr button will disappear from the display Calibration Quality Analysis No Offs No Slope NOX Offs NOX Slope Separate flow meter is required for this procedure GAS Flow Calibration Calibration General Guidelines Model 9110T NOx Analyzer EPA Protocol Calibration Calibration EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES, and Expendables Spare Parts and Expendable Supplies Calibration Frequency Calibration GAS and Zero AIR SourcesData Recording Device Record Keeping Level 1 Calibrations Versus Level 2 Checks Definition of Level 1 and Level 2 Zero and Span Checks GAS Phase Titration GPT GPT Calibrator Check ProcedureGPT Principle of Operation Equation ≤ 2min Example GPT Calculation Have to be made, and TR and PR will have to be recalculated Conditions of use against a reliable standard GPT Multipoint Calibration ProcedureHandbook, Vol. II, Part 1, Appendix SET UP for GPT Multipoint Calibration of the 9110T GPT Calibration System Zero Calibration Span Calibration See the Troubleshooting if there are problems GPT NO2 Check Other Quality Assurance Procedures Summary of Quality Assurance Checks ZERO/SPAN Check Procedures Short Calibration Checks Certification of Working Standards Precision Check ProcedurePrecision Check Certification Procedures of Working Standards ReferencesOther Methods of Establishing Traceability Standard Teledyne Analytical Instruments 236 Part Maintenance and Service Teledyne Analytical Instruments 238 Maintenance Schedule Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Instrument Maintenance 9110T Maintenance Schedule CAL Date Performed Action Freq Check REQ’D Predictive Diagnostics Maintenance ProceduresPredictive Uses for Test Functions Function Expected Actual Interpretation & Action Replacing the Sample Particulate Filter Replacing the Particulate Filter Risk of causing a significant leak Changing the O3 Dryer Particulate FilterEnsure to use proper wrenches Turn against the Perma Pure dryer Changing the Ozone Cleanser Chemical Teledyne Analytical Instruments 245 Offsets, which may take 2-3 weeks to disappear Maintaining the External Sample Pump Pump Pack Changing the Pump DFU FilterRebuilding the Pump Replacing the Scrubber Procedure for Replacing Filters on External Pumps Procedure for Replacing Filters on Internal Pumps Changing the Internal Span GAS Generator Permeation Tube Room temperature and will contaminate the entire instrumentChanging the External Zero AIR Scrubber OPT 86C Teledyne Analytical Instruments 250 Zero Air Scrubber Assembly Changing the External Scrubber’s DFU Filter Changing the NO2 Converter HOT Surface Hazard Teledyne Analytical Instruments 253 Cleaning the Reaction Cell Teledyne Analytical Instruments 255 To clean or replace a critical flow orifice Replacing Critical Flow Orifices Checking for Light Leaks From the vacuum port to get the parts out of the manifold Checking for Pneumatic Leaks AssemblySimple Vacuum Leak and Pump Check Detailed Pressure Leak Check Surfaces Instrument Performing a Sample Flow CheckThis value is only calculated, not measured General Troubleshooting Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Troubleshooting & Service Fault Diagnosis with Warning Messages Teledyne Analytical Instruments 263 XXX.X MV Front Panel Warning MessagesOzone Flow Teledyne Analytical Instruments 265 Fault Diagnosis with Test Functions OUT of Range readingPressure Can also cause changes in the absolute atmospheric pressure Diag  Signal I/O Using the Diagnostic Signal I/O Function Indicated Failures These signals upon exit Under this menu Using the Analog Output Test Channel Test Channel Outputs as Diagnostic Tools Using the Internal Electronic Status Leds CPU Status IndicatorRelay PCA Status Leds 12.3.2.1. I2C Bus Watchdog Status LEDs LED Color Function Fault Indicated Failures Status LED ROW D10 Green NO/NOx Valve D9 Green AutoZero ValveD1 RED Relay PCA Status LED Failure Indications GAS Flow Problems Zero or LOW Flow ProblemsSample Flow is Zero or Low About 1 in-Hg per 300 m / 1000 ft Check pressures Ozone Flow is Zero or Low Check if the particle filter is clogged High Flow Sample Flow is Zero or Low but Analyzer Reports Correct Flow Calibration Problems Negative Concentrations No Response Unstable Zero and Span Inability to Span no Span Button Cals Inability to Zero no Zero Button Calz NON-LINEAR Response Discrepancy Between Analog Output and Display Discrepancy Between no and NOX Slopes Excessive Noise Other Performance ProblemsSlow Response Auto Zero Warnings Dirty reaction cell can cause high Auto Zero values DC Power Supply AC Main PowerSubsystem Checkout DC Power Supply Acceptable Levels DC Power Test Point and Wiring Color CodesFrom LCD/DISPLAY Module MotherboardTest Channel / Analog Outputs Voltage Touchscreen Interface 12.7.6.2. A/D Functions Analog Output Test Function Nominal Values Voltage OutputsFull Scale Output of Voltage Range Step Nominal Output Voltage To test the status output electronics Status OutputsOzoneflow Control Inputs 10 Status Outputs Check Basic PCA Operation Check Pressure / Flow Sensor AssemblySample Pressure Sensor Check General RS-232 Troubleshooting RS-232 CommunicationsVacuum Pressure Sensor Check 12.7.7.4. O3 Flow Sensor Check Troubleshooting Analyzer/Modem or Terminal Operation RS-232 Programming Notes TAI P/N 12.7.10.1. NO2  no Converter Electrical System Doubt, consult the factory Calculating / Checking Converter Efficiency Teledyne Analytical Instruments 294 Evaluating NO2  no Converter Performance Step Simplified GPT Calibration There must be a minimum of 10% more no than O3 produced Concentration must be used must be 440 ppb or more Teledyne Analytical Instruments 298 OUT-GASSING no NOX NOx Loss Optic Test Photomultiplier Tube PMT Sensor ModuleTo activate the optics test, press To activate the electrical test, press High Voltage Power Supply PMT Preamplifier Board PMT Temperature Control PCA 12.7.15. O3 Generator 12.7.15.1. O3 Generator Override Internal Span GAS Generator and Valve Options Exit the menu Box Temperature Sensor Temperature SensorPMT Temperature Sensor Control Teledyne Analytical Instruments 307 Service Procedures DISK-ON-MODULE Replacement ProcedureProcedures. Contact Teledyne Customer Service Department Expendables are discussed in Instrument Maintenance Sample and Ozone Perma Pure Dryer Replacement 12.8.2. O3 Generator ReplacementAnalyzer has warmed up for about 60 minutes PMT Sensor Hardware Calibration To calibrate the PMT preamplifier PCA Teledyne Analytical Instruments 311 Between measure and Auto Zero modes Replacing the PMT, Hvps or TECQualified Personnel Ensure to replace the 5 desiccant bags inside the housing 9110T Sensor Assembly Teledyne Analytical Instruments 314 Removing / Replacing the Relay PCA from the Instrument 10 Relay PCA with AC Relay Retainer In Place Question Frequently Asked QuestionsAnswer Teledyne Analytical Instruments 317 Technical Assistance Analytical Instruments Chemiluminescence Creation in the 9110T Reaction Cell Measurement PrincipleModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Principles of Operation Chemiluminescence Detection in the 9110T Reaction Cell Photo Multiplier Tube PMTOptical Filter NO2* →NO2 + hν1200nm NOX and NO2 Determination Tensit XNO2 + yMo→ xNO + MyOz at 315C Measurement Interferences Direct Interference Light Leaks List of Interferents Reaction Cell Temperature ControlGas Interference Type Rejection Method Pneumatic Operation Sample GAS FlowBoth leak tight and not pressurized over ambient pressure Zero a perfect vacuum Teledyne Analytical Instruments 327 Vacuum Manifold Basic Internal Gas Flow for Basic 9110T with Internal Pump Sample Gas Flow Valves and Routing 9110T Valve Cycle PhasesNO/ no Flow Rate Control Critical Flow Orifices Critical Flow Orifice Teledyne Analytical Instruments 331 Ozone GAS Generation and AIR Flow Maintained at a constant temperatureO3 Generator Ozone Generator Dry Air Supply 10 Ozone Generator Principle Teledyne Analytical Instruments 334 Pneumatic Sensors Ozone Supply Air FilterOzone Destruct Down, the generator is turned on immediately Sample Pressure Sensor Vacuum Pressure SensorSample Gas Flow Calculation Samplepressure 13.2.4.4. O3 Supply Air Flow Sensor 13 9110T Electronic Block Diagram Electronic Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 339 Disk-On-Module Flash Chip Sensor Inputs Thermistor Interface Analog Outputs External Digital I/OMotherboard see Section Reported nor stored Only until signal I/O menu is exited To their normal value/settingInternal Digital I/O 13.3.3.7. I2C Data Bus 15 Relay PCA Layout P/N Electrical Shock Hazard Status LED’s 16 Relay PCA P/N 045230100 with AC Relay Retainer in Place Color Function Status When Lit Status When Unlit Relay PCA Status LED’s Valve Control Watchdog CircuitryYellow no 2  no Converter Heater Teledyne Analytical Instruments 349 TC1 Sensor MODULE, Reaction Cell TC2Not Used TC1 20 9110T Sensor Module Assembly Photo Multiplier Tube PMT PMT Preamplifier PMT preamplifier board provides a variety of functions 22 PMT Preamp Block Diagram Principles of Operation PMT Cooling System 23 Typical Thermo-Electric Cooler Pneumatic Sensor Board TEC Control BoardPMT Preamp Power SUPPLY/CIRCUIT Breaker All AC and DC Voltages are distributed via the relay PCA AC Power Configuration Sensor ModuleHvps PMT Logic Devices Pump Configuration Configuration Jumpers for Optional AC HeatersConfiguration Jumpers For AC Heaters AC Power Configuration for Internal Pumps JP7 AC Configuration Heaters for Option Packages JP6 Power Configuration for Standard AC Heaters JP2VAC /115 VAC VAC / 240 VAC White Power Configuration for Optional Heaters JP6 Jumper Heaters Between Function Color PinsRED IZS 30 Front Panel and Display Interface Block Diagram Front Panel TOUCHSCREEN/DISPLAY Interface Lvds Transmitter Board Software OperationFront Panel TOUCHSCREEN/DISPLAY Interface PCA Adaptive Filter TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE Compensation TPCCalibration Slope and Offset Teledyne Analytical Instruments 366 HOW Static Charges are Created Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Primer on ESDStatic Generation Voltages for Typical Activities Means of Generation HOW ELECTRO-STATIC Charges Cause Damage Potentially damaging electro-static discharges can occurSensitivity of Electronic Devices to Damage by ESD Damage Susceptibility Voltage Basic Principles of Static Control Common Myths about ESD DamageGeneral Rules Teledyne Analytical Instruments 370 Working AT the Instrument Rack Working AT AN ANTI-ESD Work Bench Opening Shipments from TAI Customer Service Transferring Components Between Rack and Bench Packing Components for Return to TAI Customer Service ESD Hazard Teledyne Analytical Instruments 374 Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Glossary GlossaryTerm Description/Definition Teledyne Analytical Instruments 376 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 377 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 378