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Teledyne instruction manual Electronic Operation, 13 9110T Electronic Block Diagram

Models: 9110T

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Model 9110T NOx Analyzer

Principles of Operation

13.3. ELECTRONIC OPERATION

13.3.1. OVERVIEW

Figure 13-13 shows a block diagram of the major electronic components of the analyzer.

(I2C Bus)

Touchscreen

Display

Figure 13-13: 9110T Electronic Block Diagram

Teledyne Analytical Instruments

338

Image 338

Teledyne instruction manual Electronic Operation, 13 9110T Electronic Block Diagram

Contents

Teledyne Electronic Technologies M9110T Date 11/15/13Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Copyright 2013 Teledyne Analytical InstrumentsModel 9110TH NOx Analyzer Specific Configuration Model 9110T- Standard Touch Screen VersionPump Mounting Options Model 9110T NOx AnalyzerSpecific ConfigurationMounting Options Rear Panel Gas FittingsThis option includes two concentration alarm relays Background GasModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Specific Configuration Customer Service Department Safety MessagesModel 9110TH NOx Analyzer Safety Messages Or by accessing various service options on our website atMise EN Garde Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Safety MessagesConsignes DE Sécurité About this Manual Instrument and possibly invalidate the warrantyMaintenance of the analyzer or its parts OrganizationThis page intentionally left blank Table of Contents Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Table of Contents Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Table of Contents 285 Appendix a Version Specific Software Documentation Figures 229 Tables Ventilation Clearance325 This page intentionally left blank Part General Information Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer PartModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Part Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Introduction FeaturesOverview Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Introduction DocumentationOptions Analyzer Options Description/Notes Reference NumberAmbient Zero and Ambient Span Valves Option Description/Notes Reference Number9110T Analyzer Weighs about 18 KG 40 Pounds Ambient Zero and Pressurized Span ValvesUSB Port For remote connection Specification Specifications9110T Basic Unit Specifications Parameter EPA Equivalency Designation Parameter SpecificationSoftware Settings for EPA Equivalence Parameter Calibration Approvals and CertificationsOther Type Certifications North AmericanThis page intentionally left blank Unpacking the 9110T Analyzer Instrument warranty. Refer to for more information onUnder Customer Support Return Authorization Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting StartedModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Getting Started Instrument LayoutVentilation Clearance 10 cm / 4Front Panel Front Panel LayoutButtons Display Screen and Touch ControlDisplay Screen and Touch Control Description Field Description/FunctionActual display Rear Panel Provides a description of each component on the rear panelInternal Chassis Layout Internal Layout Top View with IZS Option Internal Layout Top View Showing Other Options Connecting Analog Inputs Option Connections and SetupConnecting Power Electrical ConnectionsPIN Description DAS Parameter Connecting Analog OutputsAnalog Input Pin Assignments Current Loop Analog Outputs Option 41 Setup Test ChannelCurrent Loop Option Installed on the Motherboard Connecting the Status Outputs 10 Status Output Connector Status Output Pin AssignmentsInput # Connecting the Control InputsDiag Mode On ConditionAlarm 2 Relay & Alarm 3 Relay Concentration Alarm Relay OptionAlarm 1 Relay Connecting the Communications Interfaces Alarm 4 RelayCommunication Configuration SectionBefore using Anything other than Multidrop communication13 Rear Panel Connector Pin-Outs for RS-232 Mode Using RS-232 Multidrop Option 62 Connection RS-485 operation∙ Parity None 15 Jumper and Cables for Multidrop Mode Last Analyzer HostAnalyzer Time, each by its unique ID see aboveRS-485 Connection Testing it before setting up the rest of the chainPneumatic Connections About Zero Air and Calibration Span Gas Been made check all pneumatic fittings for leaks usingProcedures defined in Section Cc3/min xCalibration Span GAS CylindersAvailable NIST-SRM Type Nominal ConcentrationSpan GAS for Multipoint Calibration Teledyne Analytical Instruments Calibration GAS Sources Connect a sample gas line to the Sample inletSample GAS Source Venting Pneumatic Layout for Basic Configuration13.3.13.2 or 13.3.13.3 for detailed check if leak suspected Exhaust Outlet19 Pneumatics, Basic Configuration This valve package includesAttach a sample inlet line to the Sample inlet fitting 20 Rear Panel Layout with Z/S Valve Options OPT 50A13.3.12 Mode Valve Condition Valve Port Status Sample Teledyne Analytical Instruments Attach a line to the SPAN2/VENT outlet. It should be Pneumatic Layout for Ambient ZERO/PRESSURIZED Span OPT 50B Zero Scrubber and Internal Span Source IZS OPT 50G 10 Valve Operating States OPT 50B installedMode Valve Condition Valve Port Status Internal Span GAS Generation Nitric Acid and the Chemistry of NO2 Permeation TubesPneumatic Layout for Zero Scrubber and IZS OPT 50G Zero AIR Scrubber OPT 86C, for Z/S Valves Gas Conditioner OptionsAmmonia Removal Sample Conditioner OPT 86A Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started STARTUP, Functional CHECKS, and Initial Calibration Start UPModel 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started 12 Possible Warning Messages at Start-Up Functional Checks Initial CalibrationCalibration on the analyzer Following procedure assumes thatInterferents for NOX, no and NO2 Measurements Verifying the Reporting Range Settings No x Must be identical Verify the Precise Concentration Value of the Span gasesIndependently Verifying the Expected NOX and no Span GAS ConcentrationModel 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started Improving our service and our products. Thank YOU Initial ZERO/SPAN Calibration ProcedureThis page intentionally left blank Page Part Operating Instructions Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Part Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Overview of Operating Modes An allowable value, the Entr button will re-appearModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Overview of Operating Modes Sample ModeTest Functions Analyzer Operating ModesTo view these Test functions, press SampAbsolute atmospheric pressure Viewing 9110T Test FunctionsCannot DYN Zero System ResetCannot DYN Span Calibration Mode Setup ModeSecondary Setup Menu Setup MORE Password SecurityPrimary Setup Menu Primary Setup Mode Features and FunctionsEntered value had not been accepted Setup DAS Internal Data Acquisition System Setup  CFG Configuration InformationSetup ACAL Automatic Calibration Option Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Setup MenuPhysical Ranges Setup RNGE Analog Output Reporting Range ConfigurationModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Setup Menu Analog Output Reporting RangesFor the other modes When switching between reporting range modes, Always checkAnalog OUT Analog Output Reporting Range Default Settings Reset the upper range limits for the new mode selectionIND Mode Analog Output Assignments Teledyne Analytical Instruments 100 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 101 High physical ranges referred to in Section Teledyne Analytical Instruments 103 Setup  Rnge  DIL Using the Optional Dilution Ratio Feature Importantimpact on Readings or DataTeledyne Analytical Instruments 105 Password Levels Setup  Pass Password ProtectionTo enable passwords, press Password LevelHas to press Entr to access the password-protected menus Setup  CLK Setting the Internal TIME-OF-DAY Clock Setting the Time of DAYAdjusting the Internal CLOCK’S Speed Setup  Comm Communications Ports ID Machine IdentificationInet Ethernet Setup  Vars Variables Setup and DefinitionUse the SETUPCOMMCOM1COM2 menus to COM1COM2 MODE, Baude Rate and Test PortAuto Allowed Vars Variable Description Default ValuesOFF Teledyne Analytical Instruments 113 Setup  Diag Diagnostics Functions Teledyne Analytical Instruments 115 STSYSTEMOK=ON Stsystemok = onAnalog I/O Configuration Diag AIO Analog Output Diag AoutTo access the Analog I/O Configuration sub menu, press Accessing the Analog I/O Configuration SubmenusCurr Analog Output Voltage Range Min/MaxRange Name Range Span Minimum Output Maximum Output Teledyne Analytical Instruments 120 Analog output is enabled. See Section Automatic Individual Calibration of the Analog OutputsTeledyne Analytical Instruments 122 Adjusted. See Section Teledyne Analytical Instruments 124 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 125 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 126 Turning AN Analog Output OVER-RANGE Feature ON/OFF Current Loop Output CheckAdding a Recorder Offset to AN Analog Output Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Setup Menu AIN Calibration External Analog Inputs XIN1…XIN8 Option Configuration SET ExitTeledyne Analytical Instruments 131 Test functions available to be reported are listed in Table Optic Test To activate the Test Channel and select a function, pressFlow Calibration Electrical TestOzone GEN Override Changes with low-level calibrationCommunication Modes Communication MODES, Baud Rate and Port TestingData Terminal / Communication Equipment DTE DEC MODE1Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Communications Setup and Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 137 COM Port Testing COM Port Baud RateSecondary Setup Menu Comm Vars Sample RANGE=500.0 PPB NOX= TST TST CAL SetupSetup X.X Primary Setup Menu Communications MenuEthernet To configure Ethernet communication manuallyEthernet Status Indicators LED FunctionTeledyne Analytical Instruments 141 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 142 Default Ethernet setting is Dhcp Access the Communications Menu SETUPMORECOMM, see Teledyne Analytical Instruments 145 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 146 USB Port for Remote Access PC match check the PC baud rate and change if needed Baud Rate COM2 Mode Settings Quiet Mode Computer Mode1 Mode Actions Communications ProtocolsMinimum Requirements Teledyne Analytical Instruments 150 Parameter Standard Hessen Properly setRS-232 Communication Parameters for Hessen Protocol Activating Hessen Protocol Teledyne Analytical Instruments 153 To Select a Hessen response mode, press Mode ID Mode Description CMDTo select a Hessen Protocol Type press BCCHessen Protocol GAS List Entry Format and Definitions GAS TYPE,RANGE,GAS ID,REPORTEDEditing or Adding Hessen GAS List Entries NO, 0, 212, Reported NO2, 0, 213, ReportedTo add or edit an entry to the Hessen Gas List, press To delete an entry from the Hessen Gas list, press Deleting Hessen GAS List EntriesSetting Hessen Protocol Status Flags Operational Flags Default Hessen Status Flag AssignmentsStatus Flag NAME3 Default BIT Assignment Unassigned FlagsTo assign or reset the status flag bit assignments, press Instrument IDThis page intentionally left blank Page Interface for DAS changes Section There is resetFront Panel LED Status Indicators for DAS LED StateChannels DAS StructureDAS Channels Enabled Default DAS ChannelsProperty Description Default Setting Range Channel CAL Hold OFFSettings Teledyne Analytical Instruments 167 Viewing DAS Data and Settings DAS View Touchscreen Functions ButtonName NXCNC1 Trigger Event Atimer Translates to the following configurationNXCNC1 ATIMER, 5 Editing DAS Data ChannelsTeledyne Analytical Instruments 170 Manual Changed during data acquisition DAS Data Parameter FunctionsTeledyne Analytical Instruments 173 Report period AVG, SDEV, MIN or MAX sample modes see .1.3.3,Stored and reported to the Comm ports Report Periods in Progress when Instrument Is Powered Off Editing the Number of Records Teledyne Analytical Instruments 177 Holdoff Feature ON/OFFTeledyne Analytical Instruments 179 Starting Date Feature Disabling/Enabling Data ChannelsRemote DAS Configuration DAS Configuration VIA ApicomTeledyne Analytical Instruments 182 Advised before attempting any DAS changes DAS Configuration VIA Terminal Emulation ProgramsWhereas the editing, adding and deleting of DAS channels Teledyne Analytical Instruments 184 Remote Control VIA Apicom Computer ModeInteractive Mode Remote Control VIA a Terminal Emulation ProgramCommand Command Type Command SyntaxTerminal Mode Software Commands WhereGeneral Message Format Data TypesStatus Reporting AT Y0 D0 H0 I0 S0=0 Remote Access by ModemModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Remote Operation Remote Access by Modem To initialize the modem pressTeledyne Analytical Instruments 190 Password Security for Serial Remote Communications Where N is any numeral between 0Teledyne Analytical Instruments 192 Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Calibration Procedures Calibration Quality AnalysisRequired EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES, and Expendables Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Calibration ProceduresBefore Calibration Span Gas Calibration GasesZero Air Example2.4. NO2 Permeation Tubes Data Recording DevicesSpan Gas for Multipoint Calibration Measured medium as closely as possible4. NO2 Conversion Efficiency CE ZERO/SPAN Calibration Checks VS. ZERO/SPAN CalibrationTeledyne Analytical Instruments 198 Performing a Basic Manual Calibration See for troubleshooting tipsPerforming a Basic Manual Calibration Check Outside the allowable range for a reliable calibrationSetting the Expected Span Gas Concentration Entered properly in the conversion efficiency settingFor troubleshooting tips Manual Calibration with the Internal Span GAS Generator As a calibration sourceCheck is performed Setup for Calibration with the Internal Span GAS GeneratorCAL on NO2 Feature Teledyne Analytical Instruments 204 Troubleshooting tips Teledyne Analytical Instruments 206 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 207 Calibration. See for troubleshooting tips Setup for Calibration Using Valve Options Manual Calibration Checks with Valve Options Installed Sample TST TST CAL Cals SetupManual Calibration Using Valve Options Teledyne Analytical Instruments 212 Automatic ZERO/SPAN CAL/CHECK Autocal Mode Name ActionDisabled Autocal ModesAlways be set to OFF AutoCal Attribute Setup ParametersFor US EPA controlled/related applications Analyzer’s sample port15.0 Sept100 AM 0030Setup  Acal Programming and Auto CAL Sequence To program the example sequence shown in -4, pressTeledyne Analytical Instruments 217 Entr button will disappear from the display Calibration Quality Analysis No Offs No Slope NOX Offs NOX SlopeSeparate flow meter is required for this procedure GAS Flow CalibrationCalibration General Guidelines Model 9110T NOx Analyzer EPA Protocol CalibrationCalibration EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES, and Expendables Spare Parts and Expendable SuppliesData Recording Device Calibration FrequencyCalibration GAS and Zero AIR Sources Record KeepingLevel 1 Calibrations Versus Level 2 Checks Definition of Level 1 and Level 2 Zero and Span ChecksGPT Principle of Operation GAS Phase Titration GPTGPT Calibrator Check Procedure Equation≤ 2min Example GPT Calculation Have to be made, and TR and PR will have to be recalculatedHandbook, Vol. II, Part 1, Appendix GPT Multipoint Calibration ProcedureConditions of use against a reliable standard SET UP for GPT Multipoint Calibration of the 9110T GPT Calibration SystemZero Calibration Span CalibrationSee the Troubleshooting if there are problems GPT NO2 CheckOther Quality Assurance Procedures Summary of Quality Assurance ChecksZERO/SPAN Check Procedures Short Calibration ChecksPrecision Check Precision Check ProcedureCertification of Working Standards Other Methods of Establishing Traceability Certification Procedures of Working StandardsReferences StandardTeledyne Analytical Instruments 236 Part Maintenance and Service Teledyne Analytical Instruments 238 Maintenance Schedule Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Instrument Maintenance9110T Maintenance Schedule CAL Date Performed Action Freq Check REQ’DPredictive Uses for Test Functions Predictive DiagnosticsMaintenance Procedures Function Expected Actual Interpretation & ActionReplacing the Sample Particulate Filter Replacing the Particulate FilterEnsure to use proper wrenches Risk of causing a significant leakChanging the O3 Dryer Particulate Filter Turn against the Perma Pure dryerChanging the Ozone Cleanser Chemical Teledyne Analytical Instruments 245 Offsets, which may take 2-3 weeks to disappear Rebuilding the Pump Maintaining the External Sample Pump Pump PackChanging the Pump DFU Filter Replacing the ScrubberProcedure for Replacing Filters on External Pumps Procedure for Replacing Filters on Internal PumpsChanging the External Zero AIR Scrubber OPT 86C Room temperature and will contaminate the entire instrumentChanging the Internal Span GAS Generator Permeation Tube Teledyne Analytical Instruments 250 Zero Air Scrubber Assembly Changing the External Scrubber’s DFU FilterChanging the NO2 Converter HOT Surface HazardTeledyne Analytical Instruments 253 Cleaning the Reaction Cell Teledyne Analytical Instruments 255 To clean or replace a critical flow orifice Replacing Critical Flow OrificesChecking for Light Leaks From the vacuum port to get the parts out of the manifoldSimple Vacuum Leak and Pump Check AssemblyChecking for Pneumatic Leaks Detailed Pressure Leak Check SurfacesThis value is only calculated, not measured Performing a Sample Flow CheckInstrument General Troubleshooting Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Troubleshooting & ServiceFault Diagnosis with Warning Messages Teledyne Analytical Instruments 263 Ozone Flow Front Panel Warning MessagesXXX.X MV Teledyne Analytical Instruments 265 Pressure Fault Diagnosis with Test FunctionsOUT of Range reading Can also cause changes in the absolute atmospheric pressureDiag  Signal I/O Using the Diagnostic Signal I/O Function Indicated FailuresThese signals upon exit Under this menuUsing the Analog Output Test Channel Test Channel Outputs as Diagnostic ToolsRelay PCA Status Leds Using the Internal Electronic Status LedsCPU Status Indicator 12.3.2.1. I2C Bus Watchdog Status LEDsD1 RED LED Color Function Fault Indicated Failures Status LED ROWD10 Green NO/NOx Valve D9 Green AutoZero Valve Relay PCA Status LED Failure IndicationsSample Flow is Zero or Low GAS Flow ProblemsZero or LOW Flow Problems About 1 in-Hg per 300 m / 1000 ftCheck pressures Ozone Flow is Zero or LowCheck if the particle filter is clogged High FlowSample Flow is Zero or Low but Analyzer Reports Correct Flow Calibration Problems Negative ConcentrationsNo Response Unstable Zero and SpanInability to Span no Span Button Cals Inability to Zero no Zero Button CalzNON-LINEAR Response Discrepancy Between Analog Output and Display Discrepancy Between no and NOX SlopesSlow Response Other Performance ProblemsExcessive Noise Auto Zero Warnings Dirty reaction cell can cause high Auto Zero valuesSubsystem Checkout AC Main PowerDC Power Supply From DC Power Test Point and Wiring Color CodesDC Power Supply Acceptable Levels Test Channel / Analog Outputs Voltage LCD/DISPLAY ModuleMotherboard Touchscreen InterfaceFull Scale Output of Voltage Range 12.7.6.2. A/D FunctionsAnalog Output Test Function Nominal Values Voltage Outputs Step Nominal Output VoltageOzoneflow Status OutputsTo test the status output electronics Control Inputs 10 Status Outputs CheckSample Pressure Sensor Check Pressure / Flow Sensor AssemblyBasic PCA Operation Check Vacuum Pressure Sensor Check General RS-232 TroubleshootingRS-232 Communications 12.7.7.4. O3 Flow Sensor CheckTroubleshooting Analyzer/Modem or Terminal Operation RS-232 Programming Notes TAI P/N12.7.10.1. NO2  no Converter Electrical System Doubt, consult the factoryCalculating / Checking Converter Efficiency Teledyne Analytical Instruments 294 Evaluating NO2  no Converter Performance StepSimplified GPT Calibration There must be a minimum of 10% more no than O3 produced Concentration must be used must be 440 ppb or moreTeledyne Analytical Instruments 298 OUT-GASSING no NOX NOx LossTo activate the optics test, press Photomultiplier Tube PMT Sensor ModuleOptic Test To activate the electrical test, press High Voltage Power Supply PMT Preamplifier BoardPMT Temperature Control PCA 12.7.15. O3 Generator 12.7.15.1. O3 Generator OverrideInternal Span GAS Generator and Valve Options Exit the menuPMT Temperature Sensor Control Temperature SensorBox Temperature Sensor Teledyne Analytical Instruments 307 Procedures. Contact Teledyne Customer Service Department Service ProceduresDISK-ON-MODULE Replacement Procedure Expendables are discussed in Instrument MaintenanceAnalyzer has warmed up for about 60 minutes 12.8.2. O3 Generator ReplacementSample and Ozone Perma Pure Dryer Replacement PMT Sensor Hardware Calibration To calibrate the PMT preamplifier PCATeledyne Analytical Instruments 311 Qualified Personnel Replacing the PMT, Hvps or TECBetween measure and Auto Zero modes Ensure to replace the 5 desiccant bags inside the housing 9110T Sensor AssemblyTeledyne Analytical Instruments 314 Removing / Replacing the Relay PCA from the Instrument 10 Relay PCA with AC Relay Retainer In PlaceAnswer Frequently Asked QuestionsQuestion Teledyne Analytical Instruments 317 Technical Assistance Analytical InstrumentsModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Principles of Operation Measurement PrincipleChemiluminescence Creation in the 9110T Reaction Cell Optical Filter Chemiluminescence Detection in the 9110T Reaction CellPhoto Multiplier Tube PMT NO2* →NO2 + hν1200nmNOX and NO2 Determination TensitXNO2 + yMo→ xNO + MyOz at 315C Measurement Interferences Direct InterferenceLight Leaks Gas Interference Type Rejection Method Reaction Cell Temperature ControlList of Interferents Both leak tight and not pressurized over ambient pressure Pneumatic OperationSample GAS Flow Zero a perfect vacuumTeledyne Analytical Instruments 327 Vacuum Manifold Basic Internal Gas Flow for Basic 9110T with Internal PumpNO/ no 9110T Valve Cycle PhasesSample Gas Flow Valves and Routing Flow Rate Control Critical Flow Orifices Critical Flow OrificeTeledyne Analytical Instruments 331 O3 Generator Maintained at a constant temperatureOzone GAS Generation and AIR Flow Ozone Generator Dry Air Supply 10 Ozone Generator PrincipleTeledyne Analytical Instruments 334 Ozone Destruct Pneumatic SensorsOzone Supply Air Filter Down, the generator is turned on immediatelySample Gas Flow Calculation Sample Pressure SensorVacuum Pressure Sensor Samplepressure13.2.4.4. O3 Supply Air Flow Sensor 13 9110T Electronic Block Diagram Electronic OperationTeledyne Analytical Instruments 339 Disk-On-Module Flash ChipSensor Inputs Thermistor Interface Motherboard see Section Analog OutputsExternal Digital I/O Reported nor storedInternal Digital I/O Only until signal I/O menu is exitedTo their normal value/setting 13.3.3.7. I2C Data Bus15 Relay PCA Layout P/N Electrical Shock HazardStatus LED’s 16 Relay PCA P/N 045230100 with AC Relay Retainer in PlaceColor Function Status When Lit Status When Unlit Relay PCA Status LED’sYellow no 2  no Converter Heater Watchdog CircuitryValve Control Teledyne Analytical Instruments 349 TC1 Not Used Sensor MODULE, Reaction CellTC2 TC120 9110T Sensor Module Assembly Photo Multiplier Tube PMTPMT Preamplifier PMT preamplifier board provides a variety of functions22 PMT Preamp Block Diagram Principles of OperationPMT Cooling System 23 Typical Thermo-Electric CoolerPMT Pneumatic Sensor BoardTEC Control Board PreampPower SUPPLY/CIRCUIT Breaker All AC and DC Voltages are distributed via the relay PCAHvps PMT AC Power ConfigurationSensor Module Logic DevicesConfiguration Jumpers For AC Heaters Configuration Jumpers for Optional AC HeatersPump Configuration AC Power Configuration for Internal Pumps JP7 VAC /115 VAC VAC / 240 VAC AC Configuration Heaters for Option Packages JP6Power Configuration for Standard AC Heaters JP2 WhiteRED Power Configuration for Optional Heaters JP6Jumper Heaters Between Function Color Pins IZS30 Front Panel and Display Interface Block Diagram Front Panel TOUCHSCREEN/DISPLAY InterfaceFront Panel TOUCHSCREEN/DISPLAY Interface PCA Software OperationLvds Transmitter Board Calibration Slope and Offset TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE Compensation TPCAdaptive Filter Teledyne Analytical Instruments 366 Static Generation Voltages for Typical Activities HOW Static Charges are CreatedModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Primer on ESD Means of GenerationSensitivity of Electronic Devices to Damage by ESD HOW ELECTRO-STATIC Charges Cause DamagePotentially damaging electro-static discharges can occur Damage Susceptibility VoltageGeneral Rules Common Myths about ESD DamageBasic Principles of Static Control Teledyne Analytical Instruments 370 Working AT the Instrument Rack Working AT AN ANTI-ESD Work BenchOpening Shipments from TAI Customer Service Transferring Components Between Rack and BenchPacking Components for Return to TAI Customer Service ESD HazardTeledyne Analytical Instruments 374 Term Description/Definition GlossaryModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Glossary Teledyne Analytical Instruments 376 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 377 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 378