Manuals / Teledyne / TV and Video / TV Converter Box

Teledyne 9110T instruction manual This page intentionally left blank

Models: 9110T

1 378

Download 378 pages 16.38 Kb

Page 83

Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer

Getting Started

This page intentionally left blank.

Teledyne Analytical Instruments

83

Image 83

Teledyne 9110T instruction manual This page intentionally left blank

Contents

M9110T Date 11/15/13 Teledyne Electronic TechnologiesCopyright 2013 Teledyne Analytical Instruments Model 9110T NOx AnalyzerModel 9110T- Standard Touch Screen Version Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Specific ConfigurationRear Panel Gas Fittings Model 9110T NOx AnalyzerSpecific ConfigurationMounting Options Pump Mounting OptionsBackground Gas This option includes two concentration alarm relaysModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Specific Configuration Or by accessing various service options on our website at Safety MessagesModel 9110TH NOx Analyzer Safety Messages Customer Service DepartmentMise EN Garde Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Safety MessagesConsignes DE Sécurité Organization Instrument and possibly invalidate the warrantyMaintenance of the analyzer or its parts About this ManualThis page intentionally left blank Table of Contents Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Table of Contents Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Table of Contents 285 Appendix a Version Specific Software Documentation Figures 229 Ventilation Clearance Tables325 This page intentionally left blank Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Part Part General InformationModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Part Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Introduction FeaturesOverview Analyzer Options Description/Notes Reference Number DocumentationOptions Model 9110T NOx Analyzer IntroductionAmbient Zero and Pressurized Span Valves Option Description/Notes Reference Number9110T Analyzer Weighs about 18 KG 40 Pounds Ambient Zero and Ambient Span ValvesUSB Port For remote connection Specification Specifications9110T Basic Unit Specifications Parameter EPA Equivalency Designation Parameter SpecificationSoftware Settings for EPA Equivalence Parameter North American Approvals and CertificationsOther Type Certifications CalibrationThis page intentionally left blank Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started Instrument warranty. Refer to for more information onUnder Customer Support Return Authorization Unpacking the 9110T Analyzer10 cm / 4 Instrument LayoutVentilation Clearance Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Getting StartedFront Panel Layout Front PanelDisplay Screen and Touch Control ButtonsField Description/Function Display Screen and Touch Control DescriptionActual display Provides a description of each component on the rear panel Rear PanelInternal Chassis Layout Internal Layout Top View with IZS Option Internal Layout Top View Showing Other Options Electrical Connections Connections and SetupConnecting Power Connecting Analog Inputs OptionPIN Description DAS Parameter Connecting Analog OutputsAnalog Input Pin Assignments Test Channel Current Loop Analog Outputs Option 41 SetupCurrent Loop Option Installed on the Motherboard 10 Status Output Connector Status Output Pin Assignments Connecting the Status OutputsOn Condition Connecting the Control InputsDiag Mode Input #Alarm 2 Relay & Alarm 3 Relay Concentration Alarm Relay OptionAlarm 1 Relay Alarm 4 Relay Connecting the Communications InterfacesAnything other than Multidrop communication Configuration SectionBefore using Communication13 Rear Panel Connector Pin-Outs for RS-232 Mode Using RS-232 Multidrop Option 62 Connection RS-485 operation∙ Parity None 15 Jumper and Cables for Multidrop Mode Time, each by its unique ID see above HostAnalyzer Last AnalyzerRS-485 Connection Testing it before setting up the rest of the chainPneumatic Connections Cc3/min x Been made check all pneumatic fittings for leaks usingProcedures defined in Section About Zero Air and Calibration Span GasNIST-SRM Type Nominal Concentration CylindersAvailable Calibration Span GASSpan GAS for Multipoint Calibration Teledyne Analytical Instruments Calibration GAS Sources Connect a sample gas line to the Sample inletSample GAS Source Exhaust Outlet Pneumatic Layout for Basic Configuration13.3.13.2 or 13.3.13.3 for detailed check if leak suspected VentingThis valve package includes 19 Pneumatics, Basic Configuration20 Rear Panel Layout with Z/S Valve Options OPT 50A Attach a sample inlet line to the Sample inlet fitting13.3.12 Mode Valve Condition Valve Port Status Sample Teledyne Analytical Instruments Attach a line to the SPAN2/VENT outlet. It should be Pneumatic Layout for Ambient ZERO/PRESSURIZED Span OPT 50B Zero Scrubber and Internal Span Source IZS OPT 50G 10 Valve Operating States OPT 50B installedMode Valve Condition Valve Port Status Nitric Acid and the Chemistry of NO2 Permeation Tubes Internal Span GAS GenerationPneumatic Layout for Zero Scrubber and IZS OPT 50G Zero AIR Scrubber OPT 86C, for Z/S Valves Gas Conditioner OptionsAmmonia Removal Sample Conditioner OPT 86A Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started Start UP STARTUP, Functional CHECKS, and Initial CalibrationModel 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started 12 Possible Warning Messages at Start-Up Initial Calibration Functional ChecksCalibration on the analyzer Following procedure assumes thatInterferents for NOX, no and NO2 Measurements Verifying the Reporting Range Settings Verifying the Expected NOX and no Span GAS Concentration Verify the Precise Concentration Value of the Span gasesIndependently No x Must be identicalModel 9110TH NOx Analyzer Getting Started Initial ZERO/SPAN Calibration Procedure Improving our service and our products. Thank YOUThis page intentionally left blank Page Part Operating Instructions Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Part An allowable value, the Entr button will re-appear Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Overview of Operating ModesAnalyzer Operating Modes Sample ModeTest Functions Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Overview of Operating ModesSamp To view these Test functions, pressViewing 9110T Test Functions Absolute atmospheric pressureCannot DYN Zero System ResetCannot DYN Span Setup Mode Calibration ModePrimary Setup Mode Features and Functions Password SecurityPrimary Setup Menu Secondary Setup Menu Setup MOREEntered value had not been accepted Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Setup Menu Setup  CFG Configuration InformationSetup ACAL Automatic Calibration Option Setup DAS Internal Data Acquisition SystemAnalog Output Reporting Ranges Setup RNGE Analog Output Reporting Range ConfigurationModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Setup Menu Physical RangesFor the other modes When switching between reporting range modes, Always checkAnalog OUT Reset the upper range limits for the new mode selection Analog Output Reporting Range Default SettingsIND Mode Analog Output Assignments Teledyne Analytical Instruments 100 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 101 High physical ranges referred to in Section Teledyne Analytical Instruments 103 Importantimpact on Readings or Data Setup  Rnge  DIL Using the Optional Dilution Ratio FeatureTeledyne Analytical Instruments 105 Password Level Setup  Pass Password ProtectionTo enable passwords, press Password LevelsHas to press Entr to access the password-protected menus Setting the Time of DAY Setup  CLK Setting the Internal TIME-OF-DAY ClockAdjusting the Internal CLOCK’S Speed ID Machine Identification Setup  Comm Communications PortsCOM1COM2 MODE, Baude Rate and Test Port Setup  Vars Variables Setup and DefinitionUse the SETUPCOMMCOM1COM2 menus to Inet EthernetAuto Allowed Vars Variable Description Default ValuesOFF Teledyne Analytical Instruments 113 Setup  Diag Diagnostics Functions Teledyne Analytical Instruments 115 Stsystemok = on STSYSTEMOK=ONAnalog Output Diag Aout Analog I/O Configuration Diag AIOAccessing the Analog I/O Configuration Submenus To access the Analog I/O Configuration sub menu, pressCurr Analog Output Voltage Range Min/MaxRange Name Range Span Minimum Output Maximum Output Teledyne Analytical Instruments 120 Automatic Individual Calibration of the Analog Outputs Analog output is enabled. See SectionTeledyne Analytical Instruments 122 Adjusted. See Section Teledyne Analytical Instruments 124 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 125 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 126 Current Loop Output Check Turning AN Analog Output OVER-RANGE Feature ON/OFFAdding a Recorder Offset to AN Analog Output Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Setup Menu AIN Calibration SET Exit External Analog Inputs XIN1…XIN8 Option ConfigurationTeledyne Analytical Instruments 131 Test functions available to be reported are listed in Table To activate the Test Channel and select a function, press Optic TestChanges with low-level calibration Electrical TestOzone GEN Override Flow CalibrationMODE1 Communication MODES, Baud Rate and Port TestingData Terminal / Communication Equipment DTE DEC Communication ModesModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Communications Setup and Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 137 COM Port Baud Rate COM Port TestingCommunications Menu Sample RANGE=500.0 PPB NOX= TST TST CAL SetupSetup X.X Primary Setup Menu Secondary Setup Menu Comm VarsLED Function To configure Ethernet communication manuallyEthernet Status Indicators EthernetTeledyne Analytical Instruments 141 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 142 Default Ethernet setting is Dhcp Access the Communications Menu SETUPMORECOMM, see Teledyne Analytical Instruments 145 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 146 USB Port for Remote Access PC match check the PC baud rate and change if needed Baud Rate COM2 Mode Settings Quiet Mode Computer Mode1 Mode Actions Communications ProtocolsMinimum Requirements Teledyne Analytical Instruments 150 Parameter Standard Hessen Properly setRS-232 Communication Parameters for Hessen Protocol Activating Hessen Protocol Teledyne Analytical Instruments 153 BCC Mode ID Mode Description CMDTo select a Hessen Protocol Type press To Select a Hessen response mode, pressGAS TYPE,RANGE,GAS ID,REPORTED Hessen Protocol GAS List Entry Format and DefinitionsEditing or Adding Hessen GAS List Entries NO, 0, 212, Reported NO2, 0, 213, ReportedTo add or edit an entry to the Hessen Gas List, press Deleting Hessen GAS List Entries To delete an entry from the Hessen Gas list, pressSetting Hessen Protocol Status Flags Unassigned Flags Default Hessen Status Flag AssignmentsStatus Flag NAME3 Default BIT Assignment Operational FlagsInstrument ID To assign or reset the status flag bit assignments, pressThis page intentionally left blank Page LED State There is resetFront Panel LED Status Indicators for DAS Interface for DAS changes SectionChannels DAS StructureDAS Channels CAL Hold OFF Default DAS ChannelsProperty Description Default Setting Range Channel EnabledSettings Teledyne Analytical Instruments 167 DAS View Touchscreen Functions Button Viewing DAS Data and SettingsEditing DAS Data Channels Translates to the following configurationNXCNC1 ATIMER, 5 Name NXCNC1 Trigger Event AtimerTeledyne Analytical Instruments 170 Manual DAS Data Parameter Functions Changed during data acquisitionTeledyne Analytical Instruments 173 Report period AVG, SDEV, MIN or MAX sample modes see .1.3.3,Stored and reported to the Comm ports Report Periods in Progress when Instrument Is Powered Off Editing the Number of Records Teledyne Analytical Instruments 177 ON/OFF Holdoff FeatureTeledyne Analytical Instruments 179 Disabling/Enabling Data Channels Starting Date FeatureDAS Configuration VIA Apicom Remote DAS ConfigurationTeledyne Analytical Instruments 182 Advised before attempting any DAS changes DAS Configuration VIA Terminal Emulation ProgramsWhereas the editing, adding and deleting of DAS channels Teledyne Analytical Instruments 184 Remote Control VIA a Terminal Emulation Program Computer ModeInteractive Mode Remote Control VIA ApicomWhere Command SyntaxTerminal Mode Software Commands Command Command TypeGeneral Message Format Data TypesStatus Reporting AT Y0 D0 H0 I0 S0=0 Remote Access by ModemModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Remote Operation To initialize the modem press Remote Access by ModemTeledyne Analytical Instruments 190 Where N is any numeral between 0 Password Security for Serial Remote CommunicationsTeledyne Analytical Instruments 192 Calibration Quality Analysis Model 9110TH NOx Analyzer Calibration ProceduresRequired EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES, and Expendables Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Calibration ProceduresBefore Calibration Example Calibration GasesZero Air Span GasMeasured medium as closely as possible Data Recording DevicesSpan Gas for Multipoint Calibration 2.4. NO2 Permeation TubesZERO/SPAN Calibration Checks VS. ZERO/SPAN Calibration 4. NO2 Conversion Efficiency CETeledyne Analytical Instruments 198 Outside the allowable range for a reliable calibration See for troubleshooting tipsPerforming a Basic Manual Calibration Check Performing a Basic Manual CalibrationEntered properly in the conversion efficiency setting Setting the Expected Span Gas ConcentrationFor troubleshooting tips As a calibration source Manual Calibration with the Internal Span GAS GeneratorCheck is performed Setup for Calibration with the Internal Span GAS GeneratorCAL on NO2 Feature Teledyne Analytical Instruments 204 Troubleshooting tips Teledyne Analytical Instruments 206 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 207 Calibration. See for troubleshooting tips Setup for Calibration Using Valve Options Sample TST TST CAL Cals Setup Manual Calibration Checks with Valve Options InstalledManual Calibration Using Valve Options Teledyne Analytical Instruments 212 Autocal Modes Mode Name ActionDisabled Automatic ZERO/SPAN CAL/CHECK AutocalAnalyzer’s sample port AutoCal Attribute Setup ParametersFor US EPA controlled/related applications Always be set to OFF0030 Sept100 AM 15.0To program the example sequence shown in -4, press Setup  Acal Programming and Auto CAL SequenceTeledyne Analytical Instruments 217 Entr button will disappear from the display No Offs No Slope NOX Offs NOX Slope Calibration Quality AnalysisGAS Flow Calibration Separate flow meter is required for this procedureModel 9110T NOx Analyzer EPA Protocol Calibration Calibration General GuidelinesSpare Parts and Expendable Supplies Calibration EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES, and ExpendablesRecord Keeping Calibration FrequencyCalibration GAS and Zero AIR Sources Data Recording DeviceDefinition of Level 1 and Level 2 Zero and Span Checks Level 1 Calibrations Versus Level 2 ChecksEquation GAS Phase Titration GPTGPT Calibrator Check Procedure GPT Principle of Operation≤ 2min Have to be made, and TR and PR will have to be recalculated Example GPT CalculationHandbook, Vol. II, Part 1, Appendix GPT Multipoint Calibration ProcedureConditions of use against a reliable standard GPT Calibration System SET UP for GPT Multipoint Calibration of the 9110TSpan Calibration Zero CalibrationGPT NO2 Check See the Troubleshooting if there are problemsSummary of Quality Assurance Checks Other Quality Assurance ProceduresShort Calibration Checks ZERO/SPAN Check ProceduresPrecision Check Precision Check ProcedureCertification of Working Standards Standard Certification Procedures of Working StandardsReferences Other Methods of Establishing TraceabilityTeledyne Analytical Instruments 236 Part Maintenance and Service Teledyne Analytical Instruments 238 Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Instrument Maintenance Maintenance ScheduleCAL Date Performed Action Freq Check REQ’D 9110T Maintenance ScheduleFunction Expected Actual Interpretation & Action Predictive DiagnosticsMaintenance Procedures Predictive Uses for Test FunctionsReplacing the Particulate Filter Replacing the Sample Particulate FilterTurn against the Perma Pure dryer Risk of causing a significant leakChanging the O3 Dryer Particulate Filter Ensure to use proper wrenchesChanging the Ozone Cleanser Chemical Teledyne Analytical Instruments 245 Offsets, which may take 2-3 weeks to disappear Replacing the Scrubber Maintaining the External Sample Pump Pump PackChanging the Pump DFU Filter Rebuilding the PumpProcedure for Replacing Filters on Internal Pumps Procedure for Replacing Filters on External PumpsChanging the External Zero AIR Scrubber OPT 86C Room temperature and will contaminate the entire instrumentChanging the Internal Span GAS Generator Permeation Tube Teledyne Analytical Instruments 250 Changing the External Scrubber’s DFU Filter Zero Air Scrubber AssemblyHOT Surface Hazard Changing the NO2 ConverterTeledyne Analytical Instruments 253 Cleaning the Reaction Cell Teledyne Analytical Instruments 255 Replacing Critical Flow Orifices To clean or replace a critical flow orificeFrom the vacuum port to get the parts out of the manifold Checking for Light LeaksSimple Vacuum Leak and Pump Check AssemblyChecking for Pneumatic Leaks Surfaces Detailed Pressure Leak CheckThis value is only calculated, not measured Performing a Sample Flow CheckInstrument Model 9110T NOx Analyzer Troubleshooting & Service General TroubleshootingFault Diagnosis with Warning Messages Teledyne Analytical Instruments 263 Ozone Flow Front Panel Warning MessagesXXX.X MV Teledyne Analytical Instruments 265 Can also cause changes in the absolute atmospheric pressure Fault Diagnosis with Test FunctionsOUT of Range reading PressureIndicated Failures Diag  Signal I/O Using the Diagnostic Signal I/O FunctionUnder this menu These signals upon exitTest Channel Outputs as Diagnostic Tools Using the Analog Output Test Channel12.3.2.1. I2C Bus Watchdog Status LEDs Using the Internal Electronic Status LedsCPU Status Indicator Relay PCA Status LedsRelay PCA Status LED Failure Indications LED Color Function Fault Indicated Failures Status LED ROWD10 Green NO/NOx Valve D9 Green AutoZero Valve D1 REDAbout 1 in-Hg per 300 m / 1000 ft GAS Flow ProblemsZero or LOW Flow Problems Sample Flow is Zero or LowOzone Flow is Zero or Low Check pressuresHigh Flow Check if the particle filter is cloggedSample Flow is Zero or Low but Analyzer Reports Correct Flow Negative Concentrations Calibration ProblemsUnstable Zero and Span No ResponseInability to Zero no Zero Button Calz Inability to Span no Span Button CalsNON-LINEAR Response Discrepancy Between no and NOX Slopes Discrepancy Between Analog Output and DisplaySlow Response Other Performance ProblemsExcessive Noise Dirty reaction cell can cause high Auto Zero values Auto Zero WarningsSubsystem Checkout AC Main PowerDC Power Supply From DC Power Test Point and Wiring Color CodesDC Power Supply Acceptable Levels Touchscreen Interface LCD/DISPLAY ModuleMotherboard Test Channel / Analog Outputs VoltageStep Nominal Output Voltage 12.7.6.2. A/D FunctionsAnalog Output Test Function Nominal Values Voltage Outputs Full Scale Output of Voltage RangeOzoneflow Status OutputsTo test the status output electronics 10 Status Outputs Check Control InputsSample Pressure Sensor Check Pressure / Flow Sensor AssemblyBasic PCA Operation Check 12.7.7.4. O3 Flow Sensor Check General RS-232 TroubleshootingRS-232 Communications Vacuum Pressure Sensor CheckRS-232 Programming Notes TAI P/N Troubleshooting Analyzer/Modem or Terminal OperationDoubt, consult the factory 12.7.10.1. NO2  no Converter Electrical SystemCalculating / Checking Converter Efficiency Teledyne Analytical Instruments 294 Step Evaluating NO2  no Converter PerformanceSimplified GPT Calibration Concentration must be used must be 440 ppb or more There must be a minimum of 10% more no than O3 producedTeledyne Analytical Instruments 298 NOx Loss OUT-GASSING no NOXTo activate the optics test, press Photomultiplier Tube PMT Sensor ModuleOptic Test To activate the electrical test, press PMT Preamplifier Board High Voltage Power SupplyPMT Temperature Control PCA 12.7.15.1. O3 Generator Override 12.7.15. O3 GeneratorExit the menu Internal Span GAS Generator and Valve OptionsPMT Temperature Sensor Control Temperature SensorBox Temperature Sensor Teledyne Analytical Instruments 307 Expendables are discussed in Instrument Maintenance Service ProceduresDISK-ON-MODULE Replacement Procedure Procedures. Contact Teledyne Customer Service DepartmentAnalyzer has warmed up for about 60 minutes 12.8.2. O3 Generator ReplacementSample and Ozone Perma Pure Dryer Replacement To calibrate the PMT preamplifier PCA PMT Sensor Hardware CalibrationTeledyne Analytical Instruments 311 Qualified Personnel Replacing the PMT, Hvps or TECBetween measure and Auto Zero modes 9110T Sensor Assembly Ensure to replace the 5 desiccant bags inside the housingTeledyne Analytical Instruments 314 10 Relay PCA with AC Relay Retainer In Place Removing / Replacing the Relay PCA from the InstrumentAnswer Frequently Asked QuestionsQuestion Teledyne Analytical Instruments 317 Analytical Instruments Technical AssistanceModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Principles of Operation Measurement PrincipleChemiluminescence Creation in the 9110T Reaction Cell NO2* →NO2 + hν1200nm Chemiluminescence Detection in the 9110T Reaction CellPhoto Multiplier Tube PMT Optical FilterTensit NOX and NO2 DeterminationXNO2 + yMo→ xNO + MyOz at 315C Direct Interference Measurement InterferencesLight Leaks Gas Interference Type Rejection Method Reaction Cell Temperature ControlList of Interferents Zero a perfect vacuum Pneumatic OperationSample GAS Flow Both leak tight and not pressurized over ambient pressureTeledyne Analytical Instruments 327 Basic Internal Gas Flow for Basic 9110T with Internal Pump Vacuum ManifoldNO/ no 9110T Valve Cycle PhasesSample Gas Flow Valves and Routing Critical Flow Orifice Flow Rate Control Critical Flow OrificesTeledyne Analytical Instruments 331 O3 Generator Maintained at a constant temperatureOzone GAS Generation and AIR Flow 10 Ozone Generator Principle Ozone Generator Dry Air SupplyTeledyne Analytical Instruments 334 Down, the generator is turned on immediately Pneumatic SensorsOzone Supply Air Filter Ozone DestructSamplepressure Sample Pressure SensorVacuum Pressure Sensor Sample Gas Flow Calculation13.2.4.4. O3 Supply Air Flow Sensor Electronic Operation 13 9110T Electronic Block DiagramTeledyne Analytical Instruments 339 Flash Chip Disk-On-ModuleSensor Inputs Thermistor Interface Reported nor stored Analog OutputsExternal Digital I/O Motherboard see Section13.3.3.7. I2C Data Bus Only until signal I/O menu is exitedTo their normal value/setting Internal Digital I/OElectrical Shock Hazard 15 Relay PCA Layout P/N16 Relay PCA P/N 045230100 with AC Relay Retainer in Place Status LED’sRelay PCA Status LED’s Color Function Status When Lit Status When UnlitYellow no 2  no Converter Heater Watchdog CircuitryValve Control Teledyne Analytical Instruments 349 TC1 TC1 Sensor MODULE, Reaction CellTC2 Not UsedPhoto Multiplier Tube PMT 20 9110T Sensor Module AssemblyPMT preamplifier board provides a variety of functions PMT PreamplifierPrinciples of Operation 22 PMT Preamp Block Diagram23 Typical Thermo-Electric Cooler PMT Cooling SystemPreamp Pneumatic Sensor BoardTEC Control Board PMTAll AC and DC Voltages are distributed via the relay PCA Power SUPPLY/CIRCUIT BreakerLogic Devices AC Power ConfigurationSensor Module Hvps PMTConfiguration Jumpers For AC Heaters Configuration Jumpers for Optional AC HeatersPump Configuration AC Power Configuration for Internal Pumps JP7 White AC Configuration Heaters for Option Packages JP6Power Configuration for Standard AC Heaters JP2 VAC /115 VAC VAC / 240 VACIZS Power Configuration for Optional Heaters JP6Jumper Heaters Between Function Color Pins REDFront Panel TOUCHSCREEN/DISPLAY Interface 30 Front Panel and Display Interface Block DiagramFront Panel TOUCHSCREEN/DISPLAY Interface PCA Software OperationLvds Transmitter Board Calibration Slope and Offset TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE Compensation TPCAdaptive Filter Teledyne Analytical Instruments 366 Means of Generation HOW Static Charges are CreatedModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Primer on ESD Static Generation Voltages for Typical ActivitiesDamage Susceptibility Voltage HOW ELECTRO-STATIC Charges Cause DamagePotentially damaging electro-static discharges can occur Sensitivity of Electronic Devices to Damage by ESDGeneral Rules Common Myths about ESD DamageBasic Principles of Static Control Teledyne Analytical Instruments 370 Working AT AN ANTI-ESD Work Bench Working AT the Instrument RackTransferring Components Between Rack and Bench Opening Shipments from TAI Customer ServiceESD Hazard Packing Components for Return to TAI Customer ServiceTeledyne Analytical Instruments 374 Term Description/Definition GlossaryModel 9110T NOx Analyzer Glossary Teledyne Analytical Instruments 376 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 377 Teledyne Analytical Instruments 378