Logical Addresses | Intel 80C186XL, 80C188XL guide

OVERVIEW OF THE 80C186 FAMILY ARCHITECTURE

Fully

Overlapped

	Partly	Segment D
	Overlapped	Segment D
	Overlapped
	Contiguous	Segment C
	Segment A	Segment B

Disjoint

Logical

Segments

Segment E

Physical

Memory

0H

10000H

20000H

30000H

A1036-0A

Figure 2-6. Segment Locations in Physical Memory

The four segment registers point to four “currently addressable” segments (see Figure 2-7). The currently addressable segments provide a work space consisting of 64 Kbytes for code, a 64 Kbytes for stack and 128 Kbytes for data storage. Programs access code and data in another seg- ment by updating the segment register to point to the new segment.

2.1.8Logical Addresses

It is useful to think of every memory location as having two kinds of addresses, physical and log- ical. A physical address is a 20-bit value that identifies a unique byte location in the memory space. Physical addresses range from 0H to 0FFFFFH. All exchanges between the CPU and memory use physical addresses.

Programs deal with logical rather than physical addresses. Program code can be developed with- out prior knowledge of where the code will be located in memory. A logical address consists of a segment base value and an offset value. For any given memory location, the segment base value locates the first byte of the segment. The offset value represents the distance, in bytes, of the tar- get location from the beginning of the segment. Segment base and offset values are unsigned 16- bit quantities. Many different logical addresses can map to the same physical location. In Figure 2-8, physical memory location 2C3H is contained in two different overlapping segments, one be- ginning at 2B0H and the other at 2C0H.

2-10

Image 39

Intel 80C186XL, 80C188XL user manual Logical Addresses, Segment Locations in Physical Memory

Contents

80C186XL/80C188XL Microprocessor User’s Manual 80C186XL/80C188XL Microprocessor User’s Manual Intel Corporation Contents Contents LCS Setting the PCB Base LocationPower Management Clock Generation Chapter Refresh Control Unit Functional Overview Programming the TIMER/COUNTER Unit Programming the Interrupt Control UnitFunctional Overview Chapter Math Coprocessing Chapter Once Mode Figures UCS Reset Configuration Interrupt Control Register for Noncascadable External Pins 10-9 Tables Flag Bit Functions Example Examples Introduction Page Chapter Introduction HOW to USE this Manual Feature 80C186XL 80C186EA 80C186EB 80C186ECComparison of 80C186 Modular Core Family Products Related Documents Related Documents and SoftwareDocument/Software Title Order No Electronic Support Systems FaxBack Service Bulletin Board System BBS CompuServe Forums World Wide WebTechnical Support Training Classes Product LiteraturePage Overview 80C186 Family Architecture Page Architectural Overview Chapter Overview of the 80C186 Family Architecture Execution Unit Simplified Functional Block Diagram of the 80C186 Family CPU Physical Address Generation Bus Interface Unit General Registers General Registers Segment Registers Implicit Use of General RegistersOperations Segment Registers Instruction Pointer Flags Memory Segmentation Register Function Register NameRegister Mnemonic PSW Flags Segment Locations in Physical Memory Logical Addresses Fffffh Data DS Code CS Stack SS Extra ES 2BFH 2BEH 2BDH 2BCH 2BBH 2BAH Type of Memory Reference Default Alternate Offset Dynamically Relocatable CodeLogical Address Sources Before After Relocation Code Segment Segment Code DataSegment Data Extra Reserved Memory and I/O Space Stack Implementation 10. Stack Operation Instruction Set Software Overview Data Transfer Instructions General-PurposeInput/Output 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lahf S Z U a U P U CSahf 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Pushf Popf U U O D I T S Z U a U P U C Division AdditionSubtraction Multiplication Shifts Arithmetic Interpretation of 8-Bit NumbersBit Manipulation Instructions Hex Bit Pattern Unsigned Signed Unpacked Packed Binary String Instructions String Instruction Register and Flag Use Program Transfer InstructionsCX AL/AX Overview of the 80C186 Family Architecture Interrupts Conditional TransfersUnconditional Transfers Iteration Control Mnemonic Condition Tested Jump if… 10. Interpretation of Conditional Transfers Register and Immediate Operand Addressing Modes Addressing ModesProcessor Control Instructions 11. Processor Control Instructions Memory Addressing Modes BIU 0000 Physical Addr 13. Direct Addressing Opcode Mod R/M Displacement 15. Based Addressing 14. Register Indirect Addressing Register Dept Div Employee Age Displacement High Address Rate AgeRate Base Vac Base Register 17. Indexed Addressing 18. Accessing an Array with Indexed Addressing 19. Based Index Addressing 20. Accessing a Stacked Array with Based Index Addressing Opcode Source EA Destination EA BCD Data Types Used in the 80C186 Modular Core Family12. Supported Data Types Type Description 23 C186 Modular Core Family Supported Data Types Interrupt/Exception Processing Interrupts and Exception Handling 3FC 3FE Overview of the 80C186 Family Architecture Trap Flag Interrupt Enable BitStack PSW Exceptions Maskable Interrupts Invalid Opcode Type Interrupt Latency Software Interrupts Interrupt and Exception Priority Interrupt Response TimeClocks Total Execute Divide Service Routine NMIIret 29. Simultaneous NMI and Single Step Interrupts Trap Flag = ??? 30. Simultaneous NMI, Single Step and Maskable Interrupt Interrupt Enable Bit IE = Trap Flag TF =Page Bus Interface Unit Page Multiplexed Address and Data BUS Address and Data BUS Concepts1 16-Bit Data Bus A190 D70 A191 D158 Physical Implementation Address Space forMByte KBytes Fffff Ffffe Ffffd Ffffc D70 A0 Low A191 D158 BHE High Even Byte TransferA191 D158 BHE High Odd Byte Transfer Bit Data Bus Even Word Transfers A191 D158 BHE Low D70 A0 Low D70 A0 High A191 D158 BHE Low First Bus CycleA191 D158 BHE Low Second Bus Cycle Bit Data Bus Word Transfers Memory and I/O Interfaces 1 16-Bit Bus Memory and I/O Requirements 2 8-Bit Bus Memory and I/O RequirementsBUS Cycle Operation S20 Valid Status AD150 Address Data PhaseLow Phase High Phase Clkout ALE RES# Bus ReadyRequest Pending Hold Deasserted Clkout Address Status Phase Or TW Or TI Data PhaseAddress/Status Phase Or TI S20 A1916 ALE STB STB Wait States Data Phase Or TW Or TI Clkout RD/ WRAD150 Valid Write Data Read Read Data S20 Ready Ardy Clkout SrdyBUS Ready CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 ALE Clkout Clock 16. Generating a Normally Ready Bus Signal Idle States Clkout Ardy Srdy 18. Normally Ready System Timings Read Cycle Critical Timing Parameters BUS CyclesRead Bus Cycles Read Bus Cycle Types DT/R DEN A158Rfsh A150 LA151 AD158 UCSAD70 O0-7 27C256 A158 A150 Write Bus Cycle TypesStatus Bits Bus Cycle Type LCS LA151LA0 BHE A014 O18 CS1 AD70 AD158 Write Cycle Critical Timing Parameters Interrupt Acknowledge Bus Cycle INTA0 INTA1 Lock DT/R DENBHE RD, WR Processor 82C59A INTA0 Inta INT0 IR0 IR7 PCS0 LA1System Design Considerations Halt Bus Cycle BHE Pins Pin State011 AD150 AD70 A158 A1916 Rfsh = Control Temporarily Exiting the Halt Bus StateClkout Hold Hlda AD150 AD70 A158 A1916 BHE Rfsh S20 AD150 AD70 A158 A1916 RFSH=1 T4 T1 T2 T3T3 TI TI TI TI AD70 A158 System Design Alternatives NMI/INTx Clkout RD,WR DT/R DEN Buffering the Data Bus Device DT/ RCPU Local Bus Buffered Bus Synchronizing Software and Hardware Events MCS0Buffer Buffered Data Bus AD70 Buffer Local Data Bus Using a Locked Bus No queue operation occurred Using the Queue Status SignalsQueue Status Signal Decoding Queue Status Entering Bus Hold MULTI-MASTER BUS System Designs Lock Signal Hold ConditionFloat RD, W R Float BHE , S20 Refresh Operation During a Bus Hold Clkout Hold Hlda DEN RD, WR BHE, S20DT/R Lock Hlda Reset Hold PRE CLR Latched HldaExiting Hold DEN RD, WR, BHE DT/R, S20 A1916, LockBUS Cycle Priorities BUS Interface Unit Page Peripheral Control Block Page PCB Relocation Register Peripheral Control Registers Bit Bit Name Reset Function Mnemonic State Register Name PCB Relocation Register Register MnemonicRelreg Peripheral Control Block Bus Cycles Accessing the Peripheral Control BlockReady Signals and Wait States Reserved Locations Word reads Bus Operation Writing the PCB Relocation Register Setting the PCB Base LocationAccessing the Peripheral Control Registers Accessing Reserved Locations Considerations for the 80C187 Math Coprocessor Interface Page Clock Generation Power Management Page Clock Generation RESCrystal Oscillator Oscillator Operation = Inverter Output Z 90˚ 180˚ Crystal Connections to Microprocessor Values µH Third-Overtone Crystal Inductor L1 Selecting Crystals Using an External Oscillator Reset and Clock SynchronizationOutput from the Clock Generator 1µf typical Typical Ct = V 1 e Cold Reset Waveform Clkout PCS60,NCS Clkout Reset Power ManagementRES Resync Entering Power-Save Mode Power-Save Mode Pwrsav Power Save RegisterEnables and sets clock division factor Register Name Register Mnemonic Register Function Example Power-Save Initialization Code 10. Power-Save Clock Transition Leaving Power-Save Mode Syntax Chip-Select Unit Page Common Methods for Generating CHIP-SELECTS CHIP-SELECT Unit Features and Benefits 74AC138 Chip-Selects Using Addresses Directly Simple DecoderCHIP-SELECT Unit Functional Overview 27C256 PCS1 MCS3MCS2 MCS1 MCS30, LCS A1916 UCS, PC S60 1MB 1AddressSrdy Ardy UCS Data Active For Top 1 KByte Memory Map Control Register Alternate Register ProgrammingInitialization Sequence Chip-Select Unit Registers UCS Control Register UmcsControls the operation Chip-select Lmcs LCS Control Register MCS MCS Control RegisterMmcs Controls the operation Chip-selects PCS Control Register PacsPCS Register NameMCS and PCS Alternate Control Register MpcsX S Umcs Field Block Size Starting Address U1710 Programming the Active RangesUCS Active Range UCS Block Size and Starting Address Lmcs Field Block Size Ending Address U1710 LCS Active RangeLCS Active Range MCS Active Range Block Size Mmcs Start Address Kbytes Restrictions MCS Block Size and Start Address Restrictions PCS Active Range Bus Wait State and Ready Control R2 Control Bit Wait Wait State Value R10 State Counter Wait State ReadyOverlapping Chip-Selects Programming Considerations Memory or I/O Bus Cycle Decoding Example 1 Typical System Configuration CHIP-SELECTS and BUS HoldExamples 13. Typical System MOD186XREF Name CSUEXAMPLE1 Example 6-1. Initializing the Chip-Select Unit Drambase EQU Place memory variables here Refresh Control Unit Page CLR REQ CPU Role of the Refresh Control Unit Refresh Control Unit CapabilitiesRefresh Control Unit Operation Refresh Control Unit Operation Flow Chart Refresh Address Formation Refresh Addresses Data Bus Width Refresh BUS CyclesGuidelines for Designing Dram Controllers Identification of Refresh Bus Cycles T3/TW Clkout Muxed Row Column Address S20RAS CAS Programming the Refresh Control Unit Calculating the Refresh IntervalRefresh Control Unit Registers Refresh Base Address Register Register NameRefresh Base Address RegisterRfbase Register FunctionDetermines upper 7 bits of refresh address Register Function Sets refresh rate Rftime Programming Example Refresh Control RegisterRfcon Controls Refresh Unit operation Example 7-1. Initializing the Refresh Control Unit Refresh Operation and BUS Hold RD, WR BHE, S2 DT / R A1916 Clkout Hold Hlda DENPage Interrupt Control Unit Page Functional Overview Chapter Interrupt Control Unit DMA Master ModeTimer 0 Timer 1 Timer Generic Functions in Master Mode Interrupt Name Relative Priority Default Interrupt PrioritiesInterrupt Masking Interrupt Priority Interrupt Nesting Functional Operation in Master Mode Priority ResolutionTypical Interrupt Sequence Priority Resolution Example Interrupts That Share a Single Source Cascading with External 8259As Inta INTA1 INT INT0Inta INTA0 INT INT1 Interrupt Name Interrupt Type Interrupt Acknowledge SequencePolling Fixed Interrupt Types Additional Latency and Response Time Edge and Level Triggering Programming the Interrupt Control Unit Inta IdleInta Idle Read IP Read CS Idle Push Flags Push CS Push IP Interrupt Control Registers 2CH2AH MSK Interrupt Control Register for Internal Sources Register NameInterrupt Control Register non-cascadable pins I2CON, I3CONLVL CAS Register NameInterrupt Control Register cascadable pinsI0CON, I1CON Sfnm Register Function Stores pending interrupt requests Interrupt Request RegisterRegister Name Interrupt Request Register Register Mnemonic Reqst Priority Mask Register Register Name Interrupt Mask Register Register MnemonicImask Register Function Masks individual interrupt sources Masks lower-priority interrupt sources In-Service RegisterPriority Mask Register Primsk Poll and Poll Status Registers In-Service RegisterInserv Indicates which interrupt handlers are in process Poll Register PollIreq End-of-Interrupt EOI Register Read to check for pending interrupts when pollingPoll Status Register Pollsts Interrupt Status Register Used to issue an EOI commandEnd-of-Interrupt Register EOI Dhlt Slave ModeInterrupt Status Register Intsts IRQ INT VCC INT0 Inta 16. Interrupt Sources in Slave Mode Slave Mode Programming Interrupt Control Unit Register Comparison Slave Mode Fixed Interrupt Type BitsMaster Mode Slave Mode PCB Offset Register Name Interrupt Vector Register Intvec Register NameInterrupt Vector Register Slave Mode only Used to issue the EOI command End-of-Interrupt Register in Slave Mode CAS20 Slave Cascade Address From 8259A Interrupt Vectoring in Slave ModeT1 T2 T3 T4 Inta INTA0 Select Lock Inta Idle Read IP Read CS Push Flags Push CS Push IP Initializing the Interrupt Control Unit for Master Mode Priorities are used Page Timer/Counter Unit Page Chapter TIMER/COUNTER Unit Interrupt Latch Clock Timer Element Registers Output Latch T0IN T1IN T0OUT T1OUT Counter Element Multiplexing and Timer Input Synchronization Timers 0 and 1 Flow Chart From Timer/Counter Unit Output Modes Programming the TIMER/COUNTER Unit Timer 0 and 1 Control Registers Defines Timer 0 and 1 operationT0CON, T1CON Cont RTGEXT ALT Maximum count. The MC bit must be cleared Timer 2 Control RegisterDefines Timer 2 operation T2CON C C Register Name Timer Count Register Register MnemonicRegister Function Contains the current timer count T0CNT, T1CNT, T2CNT Timer Maxcount Compare Registers Clock Source Timer 0 and 1 Clock SourcesClock Sources Counting Modes Retriggering Timer Retriggering Timer OperationPulsed and Variable Duty Cycle Output Enabling/Disabling Counters Timer Serviced Internal Count Value Maxcount TxOUT Pin Timer Interrupts Input Setup and Hold TimingsTiming Square-Wave Generator Timer/Counter Unit Application ExamplesSynchronization and Maximum Frequency Real-Time Clock Intsts Example 9-1. Configuring a Real-Time Clock Out Dx, al Timer2interruptroutine proc far T1CON Example 9-2. Configuring a Square-Wave Generator Example 9-3. Configuring a Digital One-Shot Cmpb Page Direct Memory Access Unit Page DMA Transfer Chapter Direct Memory Access Unit Typical DMA Transfer Fetch Deposit Byte and Word Transfers Source and Destination PointersDMA Requests DMA Transfer Directions DRQ External RequestsT1 or T2 or T3 or TW or T4 or Cycle Source Synchronization DRQ Case Case Timer 2-Initiated TransfersFetch Cycle Deposit Cycle T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T4 TI TI Clkout DRQ Termination and Suspension of DMA Transfers DMA Transfer Counts DMA Channel Arbitration DMA Unit InterruptsDMA Cycles and the BIU Two-Channel DMA Unit Two-Channel DMA Module Module SRC Programming the DMA UnitDMA Channel Parameters Register NameDMA Source Address Pointer High Register Mnemonic DxSRCHDMA Xxxxh Register NameDMA Source Address Pointer Low Register Mnemonic DxSRCLS S a a Register NameDMA Destination Address Pointer High DxDSTHContains the upper 4 bits of the DMA Destination pointer Register Mnemonic DxDSTL Register NameDMA Destination Address Pointer Low Dinc D I E N C C C N TDmem Ddec Idrq Synchronization Type CHG StrtWord Arming the DMA Channel Selecting Channel SynchronizationProgramming the Transfer Count Options Generating Interrupts on Terminal Count Setting the Relative Priority of a Channel DRQ Pin Timing Requirements Suspension of DMA TransfersInitializing the DMA Unit Hardware Considerations and the DMA Unit DMA Transfer Rates DMA Latency DMA Unit Examples Generating a DMA Acknowledge MOV DS, AX Assume Dsdataseg Example 10-1. Initializing the DMA Unit 10-24 10-25 Example 10-2. Timed DMA Transfers 10-27 Page Math Coprocessing Page Availability of Math Coprocessing Overview of Math Coprocessing 11.3.1 80C187 Instruction Set 80C187 Math Coprocessor Packed Decimal Transfers C187 Data Transfer InstructionsReal Transfers Integer Transfers Other Operations C187 Arithmetic Instructions C187 Transcendental Instructions Comparison InstructionsC187 Comparison Instructions Transcendental Instructions Fldz FLD1 Fldpi FLDL2T FLDL2E FLDLG2 FLDLN2 Constant InstructionsC187 Constant Instructions C187 Processor Control Instructions Microprocessor and Coprocessor Operation 11.3.2 80C187 Data Types C187-Supported Data Types 80C187 Modular Core80C186 Address Read Definition Write Definition Processor Bus Cycles Accessing the 80C187Clocking the 80C187 C187 I/O Port Assignments System Design Tips C187 Configuration with a Partially Buffered Bus Example Math Coprocessor Routines Exception Trapping C187 Exception Trapping via Processor Interrupt Pin 80C186 Modular Core Name Example80C187init Results Example 11-2. Floating Point Math Routine Using Fsincos Once Mode Page ENTERING/LEAVING Once Mode Chapter Once Mode Oscout RES UCS LCS 80C186 Instruction Set Additions Extensions Page Data Transfer Instructions 80C186 Instruction SET Additions High-Level Instructions String Instructions Figure A-1. Formal Definition of Enter Figure A-2. Variable Access in Nested Procedures Figure A-4. Stack Frame for Procedure a at Level BPM BPA BPB Leave 80C186 Instruction SET Enhancements Bound register, address Arithmetic Instructions Bit Manipulation InstructionsShift Instructions Rotate Instructions ROL destination, count Input Synchronization Page Figure B-1. Input Synchronization Circuit WHY Synchronizers are Required Asynchronous Pins Instruction Set Descriptions Page Variable Description Table C-1. Instruction Format Variables Operand Description Table C-2. Instruction Operands Table C-3. Flag Bit Functions Table C-4. Instruction Set Add with Carry Ascii Adjust for SubtractionAAS ADC Dest, src ADDADD dest, src Logical Detect Value Out of Range Call ProcedureCall procedure-name Bound Convert Byte to Word Clear Carry flagClear Direction flag Complement Carry Flag Clear Interrupt-enable Flag Compare String CMPCompare CMP dest, src Decimal Adjust for Addition Decimal Adjust for SubtractionConvert Word to Doubleword Decrement DEC When Source Operand is a Word Divide When Source Operand is a Byte Procedure Entry Enter locals, levelsEscape Halt Integer Divide When Source Operand is a Byte Accum, port Integer Multiply When Source Operand is a ByteInput Byte or Word When Source Operand is a Byte Imul INS dest-string, port INCIncrement String INT interrupt-type Interrupt Jump on Not Below or Equal Interrupt on OverflowInterrupt Return Jump on Above Jump on Not Above or Equal Jump on Above or EqualJump on Not Below Jump on Below Jump on Not Less Than or Equal Jump if CX ZeroJump on Equal Jump on Zero Jump on Greater Than Jump on Not Greater Than Name Description Operation Flags Affected Jump on Less ThanJump on Not Greater Than or Equal Jump on Less Than or Equal Jump on Not Sign Jump on Not EqualJump on Not Zero Jump on Not Overflow Instruction Format Name Description Operation Flags Affected Jump on OverflowJump on Parity Jump on Parity Equal LEA dest, src Load Pointer Using DSLDS dest, src Load Effective Address Load Pointer Using ES LES dest, srcLock the Bus Loop While Equal Load String Byte or Word When Source Operand is a ByteLods src-string Loop MOV dest, src Loop While Not EqualLoop While Not Zero Move Byte or Word MUL Multiply When Source Operand is a ByteMove String Movs dest-string, src-string Negate When Source Operand is a Byte Logical Not When Source Operand is a ByteNEG OUT port, accumulator Name Description Operation Flags Affected Logical orOr dest,src Output Out String Outs port, srcstringPop Pop All Pop FlagsPush Push Flags Push All RCR dest, count Rotate Through Carry LeftRCL dest, count Rotate Through Carry Right Repeat While Not Equal RepeatRepeat While Equal Repeat While Zero Rotate Left RETReturn RET optional-pop-value Rotate Right ROR dest, countStore Register AH Into Flags Shift Logical Left Shift Arithmetic LeftShift Arithmetic Right SBB Subtract With BorrowSBB dest, src Scas dest-string Scan String When Source Operand is a Byte Set Direction Flag Shift Logical RightSHR dest, src Set Carry Flag Set Interrupt-enable Flag Store Byte or Word String When Source Operand is a ByteStos dest-string Test SUBSubtract SUB dest, src Wait ExchangeXchg dest, src XOR dest, src TranslateXlat translate-table Exclusive OrPage Instruction Set Opcodes and Clock Cycles Page Reg Bit w=1 Bit w=0 Table D-1. Operand VariablesEA Calculation Mod Effect on EA Calculation Function Format Clocks Table D-2. Instruction Set Summary Arithmetic Instructions Arithmetic Instructions BIT Manipulation Instructions String Manipulation Instructions JB/JNAE = LOOPNZ/LOOPNE = Processor Control Instructions Table D-3. Machine Instruction Decoding Guide Instruction SET Opcodes and Clock Cycles Instruction SET Opcodes and Clock Cycles Instruction SET Opcodes and Clock Cycles Instruction SET Opcodes and Clock Cycles AX,CX Instruction SET Opcodes and Clock Cycles Instruction SET Opcodes and Clock Cycles Instruction SET Opcodes and Clock Cycles AL,DX Instruction SET Opcodes and Clock Cycles Table D-4. Mnemonic Encoding Matrix Left Half Table D-4. Mnemonic Encoding Matrix Right Half Abbr Definition Table D-5. Abbreviations for Mnemonic Encoding Matrix Index Page Index Index-2 Index-3 Index-4 Index-5 Index-6 Index-7 Index-8