12, Introduction to Variable-Frequency Drives | Hitachi X200 Series

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Getting started

Introduction to Variable-Frequency Drives

The Purpose of Motor Speed Control for Industry

Hitachi inverters provide speed control for 3-phase AC induction motors. You connect AC power to the inverter, and connect the inverter to the motor. Many applications benefit from a motor with variable speed, in several ways:

•Energy savings – HVAC

•Need to coordinate speed with an adjacent process – textile and printing presses

•Need to control acceleration and deceleration (torque)

•Sensitive loads – elevators, food processing, pharmaceuticals

What is an Inverter

The term inverter and variable-frequency drive are related and somewhat interchangeable. An electronic motor drive for an AC motor can control the motor’s speed by varying the frequency of the power sent to the motor.

An inverter, in general, is a device that converts DC power to AC power. The figure below shows how the variable-frequency drive employs an internal inverter. The drive first converts incoming AC power to DC through a rectifier bridge, creating an internal DC bus voltage. Then the inverter circuit converts the DC back to AC again to power the motor. The special inverter can vary its output frequency and voltage according to the desired motor speed.

Power		Variable-frequency Drive		Motor
Input				Motor
Input	Converter	Internal	Inverter
	Converter	Internal	Inverter
L1	Rectifier	DC Bus
L1	Rectifier
L2				U/T1
L3				V/T2
L3				W/T3
				W/T3

The simplified drawing of the inverter shows three double-through switches. In Hitachi inverters, the switches are actually IGBTs (insulated gate bipolar transistors). Using a commutation algorithm, the microprocessor in the drive switches the IGBTs on and off at a very high speed to create the desired output waveforms. The inductance of the motor windings helps smooth out the pulses.

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Hitachi X200 Series 12, Introduction to Variable-Frequency Drives, Purpose of Motor Speed Control for Industry

Contents

After read this manual Keep it handy for future reference Safety Messages Hazardous High Voltage General Precautions Read These First Iii Index to Warnings and Cautions in This Manual Page Wiring Cautions for Electrical Practice Powerup Test Caution Messages Vii Viii Page General Warnings and Cautions Inverter Xii Remote Xiii Xiv Terminal Tightening Torque and Wire SizeWire Connectors Circuit Breaker and Fuse Sizes Motor Overload Protection Table of Contents Xvii Revision History Table XviiiRevisions Xix Contact Information Getting Started Main Features Introduction Operator Interface Options Inverter Specification Label 040 X200 Inverter Specifications Model-specific tables for 200V and 400V class inverters Derating Curve X200 Inverter Specifications, … 004HFEF 007HFEF 015HFEF 022HFEF 030HFEF 040HFEF General Specifications −10 Signal Ratings −11 What is an Inverter −12Introduction to Variable-Frequency Drives Purpose of Motor Speed Control for Industry Torque and Constant Volts/Hertz Operation Inverter Input and Three-phase Power−13 −14 Inverter Output to the Motor Braking −15Intelligent Functions and Parameters −16 Velocity Profiles Frequently Asked Questions −17 −18 −19 Inverter Mounting Installation This Chapter… Orientation to Inverter Features Unpacking and Inspection Orientation to Inverter FeaturesMain Physical Features Front Housing Cover Logic Connector Introduction DIP Switch Introduction Power Wiring Access First, ensure no power Basic System Description Inverter Step-by-Step Basic Installation Step Activity Choosing a Mounting Location Ensure Adequate Ventilation Keep Debris Out of Inverter Vents Check Inverter Dimensions X200-005SFEF,007SFEF, -007NFU X200-011SFEF~022SFEF, -015NFU~022NFU, -037LFU X200-004HFEF, -004HFU X200-007HFEF, -007HFU X200-015HFEF~040HFEF, -015HFU~040HFU This page is left intentionally blank… Prepare for Wiring Determining Wire and Fuse Sizes Signal LinesApplicable Inverter Model −20 Terminal Dimensions and Torque SpecsWire the Inverter Input to a Supply −21 −22 −23 Wire the Inverter Output to MotorLogic Control Wiring Powerup Test Goals for the Powerup Test−24 Uncover the Inverter Vents −25 Pre-test and Operational PrecautionsPowering the Inverter −26 Using the Front Panel KeypadKey and Indicator Legend −27 Keys, Modes, and Parameters −28 Keypad Navigation Map −29 Selecting Functions and Editing Parameters −30 −31 −32 −33 Running the Motor −34Monitoring Parameters with the Display Powerup Test Observations and Summary −35 Configuring 3 Drive Parameters Choosing a Programming Device Introduction of Inverter Programming Using the Keypad Devices Monitor Mode Programming Mode Control Algorithms Run Mode EditOperational Modes Group Monitoring Functions StopIN-TM Lhlhl OUT-TM Trip Event and History Monitoring Local Monitoring During Network Operation Group Main Profile Parameters ACCDEC DIG-RUN FWD Group Standard Functions COM2F-COM OPE-Mode A002 Run Command Setting Method Refer to page… Code Run Command SourceA001 Frequency Source Setting Method Refer to page… Basic Parameter Settings Base2F-BASE MAX Analog Input Settings EXS EXEEX%S EX%E Multi-speed and Jog Frequency Setting FRS Torque Control Algorithms Manual Torque Boost The Constant Ctrl TRQ 2CTRL TRQ DC Braking DB Settings Normal DC braking performance⎯ The DC OFF DCB FDCB DCB T Frequency-related Functions Lim H 0000.0Hz2Lim H 0000.0Hz Lim L 0000.0Hz Jump F1 Jump F2Jump F3 Jump W1 PID Control AVR Mode Automatic Voltage Regulation AVR FunctionAVR AC 00230V ECO Adj 0050.0% Energy Savings Mode / Optional Accel/DecelRUN Mode NOR Second Acceleration and Deceleration Functions 2ACC22DEC2 ACC CHG ACC CHfr 0000.0Hz 2ACCCHfr 0000.0HzDEC CHfr 0000.0Hz 2DECCHfr 0000.0Hz DEC Line Accel/DecelACC Line Additional Analog Input Settings Calc Slct1 POTCalc Slct2 Calc Smbl ST-PNT ADD DIR Plus Potentiometer Settings Group Fine Tuning Functions Automatic Restart Mode IPS Powr ALM IPS Trip OFFIPS Retry Cutoff Electronic Thermal Overload Alarm Setting THM LVL2ETHM LVL THM Char CRT Overload Restriction Frequency Pull-in Restart Software Lock Mode Mode Input−36 Lock −37 LockMD1 Non Stop Operation at Power OFF −38 −39 Miscellaneous Settings −40 −41 TRP −42 FRS Stop DEC −43RUN FRS ZST −44 PanelD001 FAN-CTRL OFF B130, B131 Over-voltage LAD Stop Enable −45Ovladstop OFF Ladst LVL DC Bus AVR for deceleration Settings −46 Miscellaneous Settings ~continuation~ −47 SUP Mode −48Cr-DEC RDY-FUNC OFF Group Intelligent Terminal Functions Input Terminal Configuration−49 −50 Intelligent Input Terminal Overview Function Name Description −51Input Function Summary Table Option −52 Anlg −53 RDY Output Terminal Configuration −54FA1 OUT-TM RY −55 Output Function Summary Table Option −56 LOC Mode CRT −57Low Load Detection Parameters LOC LVL Output Function Adjustment Parameters −58 −59 Network Communications Settings −60 Analog Signal Calibration Settings −61ADJ OI-ADJ −62 Miscellaneous FunctionsDBG Slct UP/DWN NO-STR −63 Output Logic and TimingLogicOut1 LogicOut2 −64 DlayHold Dlay RY −65 Group Motor Constants Functions Operations Monitoring This Chapter… Operations and Monitoring Operations and Monitoring Connecting to PLCs and Other Devices Example Wiring Diagram Optional Control Logic Signal Specifications AL2 AL1 AL0 Input Function Summary Table Symbol Code Function Name Intelligent Terminal ListingIntelligent Inputs Intelligent Outputs Using Intelligent Input Terminals Sinking Inputs, Internal Supply Sinking Inputs, External Supply Forward Run/Stop and Reverse Run/Stop Commands Terminal Function Name State DescriptionValid for inputs C001~C005 A002 = Valid for inputs Multi-Speed SelectFunction Name State Description −13 Jogging Command Option Terminal Function Name State Description A053, A054 External Signal for DC BrakingOption Code Terminal Symbol Function Name State Description None Set Second Motor, Special SetOption Terminal Function Name State A092, A093, A094=00 Two Stage Acceleration and DecelerationOption Terminal Function Name B003, B088, C011 to C015 Free-run StopTerminal Function Name External Trip Unattended Start Protection Software Lock B031 excluded from lock Analog Input Current/Voltage Select A001 = Reset Inverter Terminal Function Name State Description Code Thermistor Thermal Protection Valid for inputs C005 only Three-wire Interface Operation PID ON/OFF and PID Clear Remote Control Up and Down Functions Remote Control Data Clears the Up/Down frequency memory Force Operation from Digital Operator Add Frequency Enable A001, A145, A146 Force Terminal Mode Inverter Ready Safe Stop Required settings Using Intelligent Output Terminals Sinking Outputs, Open Collector Relay shown with inverter power ON, Run Signal OFF Output Signal ON/OFF Delay Function Output Signals Run Signal Option Terminal Function Name State Description Code Frequency Arrival Signals FA2 Overload Advance Notice Signal FM terminal see Analog Output Operation Output Deviation for PID Control Alarm Signal Or the relay outputs Power Run Mode AL0-AL1 AL0-AL2 Analog Input Disconnect Detect PID Second Stage Output Terminal FBV configuration table is on the following Transitions to OFF when the PID Feedback Network Detection Signal Integrated ModBus Watchdog time-out period with C077 Logic Output Function Logical 0 result Network Detection Signal FieldBus Option Set P044=00.00 sec Low Load Detection Signal C038, C039 Analog Input Operation Other Analog Input-related topics AM output offset adjustment AM output gain adjustment Analog Output Operation PID Loop Operation GND PID Loop Configuration Other PID-related topics Simultaneous Connections Configuring the Inverter for Multiple MotorsInverter Configuration for Two Motor Types Manual torque boost frequency adjustment Inverter System Accessories USA Component Descriptions AC Reactors, Input SideAC Reactors, Output Side Example calculation RF Noise Filter Capacitive Zero-phase Reactor RF Noise FilterEMI Filter Dynamic Braking Usage Dynamic BrakingDC Link Choke Troubleshooting Maintenance Troubleshooting Safety MessagesGeneral Precautions and Notes Inspection Items Troubleshooting Tips Symptom/condition Probable Cause Solution Reduces output as needed Fault Detection and Clearing Error CodesError Name Causes Code Monitoring Trip Events, History, & Conditions Error Name Causes Trip History and Inverter Status Trip Conditions Restoring Factory Default Settings Action Display Func./Parameter Maintenance and Inspection Monthly and Yearly Inspection Chart Megger test X200 Spare parts Capacitor Life Curves General Inverter Electrical Measurements Pf1 = −13 Inverter Output Voltage Measurement Techniques Igbt Test Method Warranty Warranty Terms Glossary Bibliography This Appendix… Temperature Glossary EMI Free-run Stop Insulated Gate Bipolar TransistorIGBT a semiconductor NEC PWM Squirrel Cage Bibliography Torque ModBus Network Communications Specifications Connecting the Inverter to ModBus SP SN Settings Func Name03…ModBus network input 03… ModBus network input Transmission procedure Message Configuration QueryNetwork Protocol Reference Slave address Error check DataFunction code Header and trailer silent interval Message Configuration Response Response when an error occursTransmission time required Normal response No response occurs Explanation of function codes Read Coil Status 01hData Field Name Frequency Read Holding Register 03hX200 D081 Data Coil Status Write in Coil 05h10-11 Write in Holding Register 06h Loopback Test 08h Write in Coils 0Fh Write in Holding Registers 10h Exception Response Function CodeException Code Code Description Store New Register Data Enter command Submitting an Enter Command List of Coil Numbers Name Description ModBus Data ListingModBus Coil List …OFF ModBus Holding Registers Res Output frequency Real-time display of output List of Holding Registers Func Description Network Data Code Reg Acceleration 1 time Standard default acceleration Frequency source Five options select codes 4000 A024 Multi-speed 4 setting List of Holding Registers Func Name Description Code Reg PID enable Enables PID function Acceleration 2 time Duration of 2nd segment OI-L input active Ending point offset for Selection of automatic Select inverter restart method Overload restriction Select the operation mode during Deceleration time Range is 0.01 to Restart mode after Selects how the inverter resumes 10D7h B133 DC bus AVR Two option codes See Input Terminal Configuration Communication Settings on See Output Logic and Timing on Motor capacity …0.20kW Drive Parameter Setting Tables Parameter Settings for Keypad Entry Group Parameters Default SettingMain Profile Parameters Name Code Standard FunctionsFunc Name Name =10 Appendix Func Name =10 Fine Tuning FunctionsGroup Parameters Group Parameters Default Setting Intelligent Terminal Functions Motor Constants Functions Expansion Card Functions CE-EMC CE-EMC Installation Guidelines Integrated EMC Filter Installation for X200 series example of Sfef models Hitachi EMC Recommendations Index Index−2 EMI A-3 Index−3 LEDs 2-26,2-27,2-39,3-3 Line reactor A-5 Non stop operation at power OFF 3-38 AC reactor Index−4 Index−5 Safe stop 2-5 Index−6