6-26. Effect of Smoothing on a Trace

6-52

6-27. IF Bandwidth Reduction

6-53

6-28. Markers on Trace

6-54

6-29.

Directivity

 

6-58

6-30.

Source Match’ 1 1 1 : 1 1 1

1 : : : 1 1 : : 1 : : : : : : : 1 : : 1 1 1 1 1

6-59

6-31. Load Match

6-60

6-32. Sources of Error in a Reflection Measurement

6-61

6-33.

Reflection Coefficient

6-61

6-34.

 

Effective Directivity EDF

6-62

6-35. Source Match Esr

6-62

6-36. Reflection Tracking Em

6-63

6-37. “Perfect Load” Termination

6-63

6-38. Measured Effective Directivity

6-64

6-39.

Short Circuit Termination

6-64

6-40. Open Circuit Termination

6-65

6-41. Measured S11

6-66

6-42. Major Sources of Error

6-67

6-43.

 

Transmission Coefficient

6-67

6-44. Load Match ELF

6-68

6-45. Isolation Em

 

6-69

6-46.

Full Two-Port Errbr’n;odeI

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

6-70

6-47. FuII Two-Port Error Model Equations

6-71

6-48. Typical Responses of Calibration Standards after Calibration

6-75

6-49. Response versus S11 l-Port Calibration on Log Magnitude Format

6-76

6-50. Response versus Sll l-Port Calibration on Smith Chart

6-77

6-51. Response versus FuII Two-Port Calibration

6-77

6-52. HP 87533 functional block diagram for a 2-port error-corrected measurement

 

 

 

system

6-93

6-53.

8-term TRL error model and generalized coefficients

6-94

6-54.

Typical Measurement Set up

6-96

6-55.

Test Setup for Continuous Sample Mode

6-104

6-56.

Test Setup for Sample-and-Sweep Mode

6-105

6-57.

Alternate and Chop Sweeps Overlaid

6-108

6-58.

Instrument State Function Block

6-110

6-59.

Typical Setup for the External Source Mode

6-118

6-60.

Typical Test Setup for a Frequency Offset Measurement

6-121

6-61. Typical Harmonic Mode Test Setup

6-123

6-62.

Device Frequency Domain and Time Domain Reflection Responses

6-126

6-63.

A Reflection Measurement of Two Cables

6-128

6-64. Transmission Measurement in Time Domain Bandpass Mode

6-129

6-65. Time Domain Low Pass Measurements of an Unterminated Cable

6-131

6-66. Simulated Low Pass Step and Impulse Response Waveforms (Real Format) . . . 6-132

6-67. Low Pass Step Measurements of Common Cable FauIts (Real Format)

6-133

6-68. Time Domain Low Pass Measurement of an Amplifier SmaII SiiaI Transient

 

 

 

Response

6-134

6-69. Transmission Measurements Using Low Pass Impulse Mode

6-135

6-70.

Masking Example

6-136

6-71. Impulse Width, Sidelobes, and Windowing

6-136

6-72. The Effects of Windowing on the Time Domain Responses of a Short Circuit . .

6-138

6-73. Response Resolution

6-140

6-74. Range Resolution of a Siie Discontinuity

6-140

6-75.

Sequence of Steps in Gating Operation

6-141

6-76.

Gate Shape

6-142

6-77.

Amplifier Gain Measurement

6-143

6-78.

Combined Effects of Amplitude and Phase Modulation

6-144

Contents-20

Page 32
Image 32
HP 8753E manual Reflection Measurement of Two Cables 128, Response 134, Range Resolution of a Siie Discontinuity