A Reflection Measurement of Two Cables | HP 8753E guide

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Figure 6-63. A Reflection Measurement of Two Cables

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The ripples in reflection coefficient versus frequency in the frequency domain measurement are caused by the reflections at each connector “beating” against each other.

One at a time, loosen the connectors at each end of the cable and observe the response in both the frequency domain and the time domain. The frequency domain ripples increase as each connector is loosened, corresponding to a larger reflection adding in and out of phase with the other reflections The time domain responses increase as you loosen the connector that corresponds to each response.

Interpreting the bandpass reflection response horizontal axis. In bandpass reflection measurements, the horizontal axis represents the time it takes for an impulse launched at the test port to reach a discontinuity and return to the test port (the two-way travel time). In Figure 6-62, each connector is a discontinuity.

Interpreting the bandpass reflection response vertical axis. The quantity displayed on the vertical axis depends on the selected format. The common formats are listed in lhble 6-10. The default format is LOG MAG (logarithmic magnitude), which displays the return loss in decibels (dB). LIN MAG (linear magnitude) is a format that displays the response as reflection coefficient

(p). This can be thought of as an average reflection coefficient of the discontinuity over the frequency range of the measurement. Use the REAL format only in low pass mode.

6-126 Application and Operation Concepts

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HP 8753E manual a Reflection Measurement of Two Cables

Contents

HP Rut No -90367 Supersedes October Printed iu USA February User’s Guide @ Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1998 Wmanty Certification Shipment for Service MaintenanceClean the cabinet, using a damp cloth only Assistance JspaJp Fb@me ‘Iktble O-1. Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service OfEces Instrument Markings Safety Symbols General Safety Considerations Compliance with German Noise Requirements Compliance with German FTZ Emissions RequirementsAcoustic Noise Emission/Geraeuschemission LpA70 dB Lpa70 dD User’s Guide Overview Network Analyzer Documentation Set Page Declaration of Conformity Contents Page Making Mixer Measurements Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results LO to RF Isolation RF Feedthrough Optimizing Application and Operation Concepts Uncoupling StimuIus Values Between Primary Channels Contents-ll C0ti0ntr-8 TRL Calibration Procedure Requirements for TRL Standards TRL* Error Model Isolation Source match and load matchCalibrated Power Level Loss of Power Meter Calibration Data Locking onto a signal with a frequency modulation component Transforming CW Time Measurements Into the Frequency Domain Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties Menu Maps Key Definitions Error MessagesCompatible Peripherals 11-l 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-8 11-9 CITIfUe Data Format and Keyword Reference Preset State and Memory Allocation Index Determining System Measurement Uncertainties Display Example of Searching for a Bandwidth Using MarkersResults Time Domain Transmission Example Measurement Measurement Setup Diagram Shown on Analyzer DisplayGate Shape Measurement Contents-19 Combined Effects of Amplitude and Phase Modulation Range Resolution of a Siie DiscontinuityReflection Measurement of Two Cables 128 Response 134 Modulation Diagram of Gain CompressionRange of a Forward Transform Measurement Amplifier Parameters Bles Power-on Conditions versus Preset 12-11 Sufhx Character Definitions 12-5 Preset Conditions 1 12-8Results of Power Loss to Non-Volatile Memory 12-12 12-3 HP 87533 Description and Options Where to Look for More Information Control Analyzer DescriptionPerformance Printin& Plotting, and Saving Accuracy Disk eject button Front Panel Features HP 5753E Dessription and Options l-5 HP-IB Status indicators are also included in this block Analyzer Display Single Channel, Cartesian Format Analyzer Display Application and Operation Concepts From inactive channels See J%I@ in , Key Definitions 10 HP 8753E Description and Options %.n. This fan provides forced-air cooling for the analyzer Rear Panel Features and Connectors Fail ITLlow Pass TTLhigh Analyzer Options Available Option lCP, Rack Mount Flange Kit With Handles Service and Support Options Lhble l-l. Comparing the J3P 8753AIBKYD Differences among the HP 8753 Network Analyzers ‘able 1-2. Comparing the HP 8753D and HP 8753E Making Measurements ‘lhble 2-l. Connector Care Quick Reference Principles of Microwave Connector Care Basic Measurement Sequence and Example Setting the Frequency RangeBasic Measurement Sequence Basic Measurement Example Lb change the power level to -5 dRm, press Setting the Source PowerSetting the Measurement ‘lb set the span to 30 MHz, press &gziJm Measure the device under test Example Dua.l Channel With Split Display On Using the Display Functions Lb View the Measurement Data and Memory Trace To Save a Data Trace to the Display MemoryI............s..........i ‘RI Ratio Measurements in Channel 1 To Divide Measurement Data by the Memory TraceAnalyzer performs a vector subtraction on the complex data Example of a Display Title To Title the Active Channel DisplayPage Channel Display To Activate and Co&lgure the Auxilkry Channels Characterizing a Duplexer Smith chart by pressing @GZ $#$Z~B&KXDuplexer’s three ports are Transmit TX Required Equipment Procedure for Characterizing a DuplexerPress= Port an unlit LED indicates no connection D. F%ess @G-T to activate channel 4, press $%$.‘ Duplexer Measurement To Use Continuous and Discrete Markers Using Analyzer Display Markers To Activate Display Markers ‘Ib switch off all of the markers, press ~~~Or ~~~~~7 PRnl Tb Move Marker Information off of the Grids Lb Use Delta a Markers RlllllllllllPress jj ~~~~~~~~ ‘~~~~, to m&e marker 1 a reference maker ‘Ib change the reference marker to marker 2, press Lb Activate a Fixed Marker Log Fiag 10 dfl, REF -50 d6 16 415 dB Or enter a value from the front panel keypad To move the reference position, press ‘lb Couple and Uncouple Display Markers To access the polar markers, pressTo Use Polar Format Markers For the display channels Sin 0, where M=magnitude To Use Smith Chart Markers~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ‘j3JU 17. Example of Impedance Smith Chart Markers ‘lb Set Measurement Parameters Using Markers Setting the Start Frequency Setting the Center Frequency Fl i t-11I Value. .... ... y 22. Example of Setting the Reference Value Using a Marker 23. Example of Setting the Electrical Delay Using a Marker Setting the CW Frequency Searching for the Maximum Amplitude ‘lb Search for a Specific Amplitude Searching for the Minimum Amplitude Searching for a ‘beget Amplitude Example of Searching for a Beget Amplitude Using a Marker~~~~~ ad Bandpass or band reject shape on the measurement trace Press ~~~~~~ MarkerFctn‘~~~~~~~ Figure Z-28. Example Statistics of Measurement Data To Calculate the Statistics of the Measurement Data Measuring the Magnitude Response Measuring Magnitude and Insertion Phase ResponseConnect your test device as shown in Figure 30. Example Magnitude Response Measurement Results Measuring Insertion Phase Response 32. Phase Samples Phase Distortion Measuring Electrical Length and Phase DistortionMeasuring Electrical Length Electrical Length 34. Linearly changing Phase Deviation From Linear Phase Measuring Phase Distortion 36. Deviation From Linear Phase Example Measurement Group Delay 37. Group Delay Example Measurement III 11 I 11 11 MHZ Lksting a Device with Limit Lines Setting Up the Measurement Parameters Creating Flat Limit Lines 41. Example Flat Limit Line 42. Example Flat Limit Lines Creating a Sloping Limit Line ~~@#g ~9~~~~~~ Creating Single Point Limits This example procedure, the following limits are set Deleting Limit Segments Editing Limit Segments Reviewing the Limit Line Segments Bnnning a Limit TkstActivating the Limit Test Making Measurements Offsetting Limit Lines Lb produce a normalized trace, perform the following steps Measuring Gain Compression Lb place the marker eax.ct& on a measurement point, press @ @ to change the scale to 1 dB per division ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ Enter the start and stop power levels for the sweepPress LMenu ~~~~~~~~~~ gaw,, $ ~~~ ~~~ Mif Rress cmJ j-1 ~~~~~~~~~.~~~ ~~~..~~~~,~~~ 48. Gain Compression Using Power Sweep Press *F p#~~~.p~~~~6~~~~’ Measuring Gain and Reverse Isolation SimultaneouslyTiess c~isplay ~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ To channel 1 and channel 49. Gain and Reverse Isolation Connect the Device Under Test Measurements Using the Swept List ModeSet the following measurement parameters To set up the swept list measurement, press Observe the Characteristics of the FilterChoose the Measurement Parameters ~~~~~~~~~~ m Lxl ~~~~~~~~~ l-loJ IxlGp&g ~~~ KG&’ Calibrate and MeasurePress iJk&~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~h 53. Filter Measurement Using Swept List Mode Typical test setup Measurements Using the Tuned Receiver ModeTuned receiver mode in-depth description External Source Requirements Tkst Sequencing 55. ‘l&t Sequencing Help Instructions Creating a Sequence Stopping a Sequence Running a Sequence ‘Ib delete the selected command, press =J backspace key Inserting a CommandEditing a Sequence Clearing a Sequence from Memory Modifying a Command Changing the Sequence Title Naming Files Generated by a SequenceYou stop at each character Lb complete the titling, press %@@ Storing a Sequence on a Disk Loading a Sequence from Disk Procedure and then follow the printing sequencePurging a Sequence from Disk Printing a Sequence To run both sequences, press Cascading Multiple Example Sequences Start of Sequence Trans FWD s21 B/R Loop Counter Example SequenceMKR Fctn To run the loop sequence, press Generating Files in a Loop Counter Example Sequence Data file names generated by this sequence will be Limit Test Example SequencePlot llle names generated by this sequence will be ‘lb nm the sequence, press Recall FlEG This will create a displayed list for sequence 1, as shown Fundamental frequencies Measuring Swept Harmonics Option 002 OnlySet the start frequency to a value greater than 16 MHz 57 nd Harmonic Power Level in dBc Transmission Response in Time Domain Measuring a Device in the Time Domain Option 010 OnlyGating Connect the device as shown in Figure 59. Time Domain Transmission Example Measurement Gating in a Time Domain Transmission Example Measurement Fiiure 2-61. Gate Shape ‘able 2-2. Gate Characteristics Gating Effects in a Frequency Domain Example Measurement Reflection Response in Time Domain 64. Device Response in the Frequency Domain 65. Device Response in the Time Domain Front panel keypad after each key press Non-coaxial Measurements Making Mixer Measurements Where to Look for More Information Measurement Considerations Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage SignalsMinimizing Source and Load Mismatches Reducing the Effect of Spurious Responses Down Converter Port Connections Differences Between Internal and External R Channel Inputs Frequency Offset Mode OperationJfqyw B Channel External Connection Power Meter Calibration Conversion Loss Using the Frequency Offset Mode Page Network Analyzer Power Meter POW-N&OR To view the measurement trace, press ~~/...~ . . . . T.,, .. L? Jal~.i Conversion Loss Example Measurement High Dynamic Range Swept RF/IF Conversion Loss 10. Connections for Broad Band Power Meter Calibration 11. Connections for Eeceiver Calibration Filter External LO Source 13. Example of Swept if Conversion Loss Measurement Sequence 1 Setup Tuned Receiver ModeFixed if Mixer Measurements ~~~~~,~~ Press the following keys on the analyzer to create sequence Im ~~~~ ~ .~~~~~~~~~~~ Done List Freq B CaUing the Next Measurement Sequence Sequence 2 Setup Measurement Completed Following sequence commands 16. Example Fixed if Mixer Measurement Phase or Group Delay Measurements 17. Counections for a Group Delay Measurement Scale the data for best vertical resolution To make a response error-correction, press Amplitude and Phase Tracking Conversion Compression Using the Frequency Offset Mode Make the connections as shown in Figure Pg634e Mixer Under Test External LO Source ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~,~~ Measurements setup diagram is shown in Figure Example Swept Power Conversion Compression Measurement LO to RF Isolation Isolation Example Measurements 26. Connections for a Mixer Isolation Measurement Refer to , Optinking Measurement Results 27. Example Mixer ID to RF Isolation Measurement RF Feedthrough 28. Connections for a Response Calibration 30. Example Mixer RF Feedthrough Measurement Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results Printinfl, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results Conf@uring a Print Function Printing or Plotting Your Measurement Results ~.~.~.~.~.~..~.~ ....ii.........i..~~~ Black and white from a color printer Defining a Print Function To Reset the Printing Parameters to Default Values If Yim Are Using a Color PrinterPrinting One Measurement Per Printing Multiple Measurements Per I i iPage ~............../i Plot function as follows ~,~,~ If Yim Are Plotting to a Pen Plotter Then @ii. &g. Mti S K E J E C T T T O N L If You Are Plotting to a Disk Drive Choosing Display Elements Defining a Plot FunctionSelecting Auto-Feed Corresponding Key Selecting Pen Numbers and Colors Channel Selecting Line Types Press ~&&&&& mtd the selection appears that you want Choosing Scale To Reset the Plotting Parameters to Default Values Plotting One Measurement Per Page Using a Pen Plotter Plot Quadrants Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page Using a Pen Plotter 8 Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results Automatic File Naming Convention for LIF Format Plotting a Measurement to Disk To Output the Plot Files To View Plot Files on a PC Using AmiPro Outputting Plot Files from a PC to a Plotter Using Freelance Store the Hpgl initialization sequence Store the exit Hpgl mode and form feed sequence Outputting Single Page Plots Using a Printer PLOTOO.RL PLUTOO.RU Outputting Multiple Plots to a Single Page Using a Printer ‘lb Plot Multiple Measurements on a Full Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page From Disk PL0TOOFPD 11. Plot Quadrants To Plot Measurements in Page Quadrants Titling the Displayed Measurement Aborting a Print or Plot Process Confqjuring the Analyzer to Produce a Time StampIf Ibu Want a Single Page of Values If You Want the Entire List of Values Solving Problems with Printing or Plotting Saving and Recalling Instrument States Places Where Ybu Can SaveWhat You Can Save to the Analyzer’s Internal Memory What You Can Save to a Floppy Disk What You Can Save to a Computer Saving an Instrument State Peripheral Access Deline Save ModificationFlexibility II Dnring Saving Measurement Results Ad enter the &-ive where your &Sk is located See Ascii Data Formats. ’ S2P Data Format Ascii Data Formats Template for component data fiIes is as follows Comment line ‘lb Delete an Instrument State File Re-Saving an Instrument State ~~~~.~~~~~ Renaming a File If Yim Are Using an External Disk Drive Solving Problems with Saving or Recalling FilesFormatting a Disk Optimizing Measurement Results Interconnecting Cables Connector RepeatabilityTemperature Drift Increasing Measurement Accuracy Performance Verification Frequency DriftReference Plane and Port Extensions Conditions Where Error-Correction is Suggested Measurement Error-CorrectionTypes of Error-Correction Error-Correction Stimulus State Calibration Standards When to Use Interpolated Error-Correction ~~~~~~~~~~ Procedures for Error-Correcting Your Measurements Response Error-Correction for Reflection Measurements Frequency Response Error-Corrections Network Analyzer 2J. $!B Response Error-Correction for Transmission Measurements Standard Connections for Receiver Calibration Receiver Calibration Results chapter for procedures Frequency Response and Isolation Error-Corrections Pg612e Optimizing Measurement Results Ad enter at leaf, four times more Connect your device under test One-Port Reflection Error-Correction Open Short Loag Open Short Load For S Optimizing Measurement Results For Reflection For Transmission For Isolation Full Two-Port Error-Correction To pORT 2, ad use the ~~~~~~~~~., ~~~~~~~~~~ Page TRL Error-Correction T&M* Error-Correction TRMError-Correction Come& the lOad to Port 2 a& press ~~~~~.,~~~~~ Page ~~~~~ Or ~~~~ Modifying !L’RL Standards @ Lxl ~~~~~~~~~~~ Modifying TRM Standards Assign the Stadards to the Various TRM Classes Iabel the Classes Page Editing Frequency Segments Entering the Power Sensor Calibration DataPress ~,~~ and enter the segment number followed by xl Deleting Frequency Segments Compensating for Directional Coupler Response Sample-and-Sweep Mode for Power Meter Calibration Using Sample-and-Sweep Correction Mode KGE Using Continuous Correction Mode To Calibrate the Analyzer Receiver to Measure Absolute Power 10. Noninsertable Device Calibrating for Noninsertable Devices 11. Adapters Needed Adapter Removal 12. ‘lko-Port Cal Set Remove the Adapter 14. Cklibrated Measurement Verify the Results Example Program NON-INSERTABLE Dewce MAtched Adapters Modify the Cal Kit Thru Deilnition Making Accurate Measurements of Electrically Long Devices Cause of Measurement ProblemsTo Improve Measurement Results Decreasing the Sweep Rate Decreasing the Time Delay Detecting if Delay To Use Swept List ModeIncreasing Sweep Speed Ib Decrease the Frequency Span Lb Set the Auto Sweep Time ModeOption Option 006 ‘lb Reduce the Averaging Fktor Lb Widen the System Bandwidth‘Ib Reduce the Number of Measurement Points Lb View a Single Measurement Channel Lb Set the Sweep TypeSelect the sweep type Points are of interest To Use External Calibration To Activate Chop Sweep Mode‘lb Use Fast a-Port Calibration Lb activate the continuous mode, press ‘lb enter the number of sweeps, press Increasing Dynamic Range To Increase the Test Port Input PowerTo Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor Changing System Bandwidth Reducing Receiver Crosstalk Reducing Trace NoiseTo Activate Averaging To Change System Bandwidth ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~.. f#jy %&ig ~~$fj& , /.. P Reducing Recall Time Understanding Spur Avoidance Application and Operation Concepts Where to Look for More Information HP 8753E System Operation Signal-separation devices Receiver DisplayBuilt-In Synthesized Source Receiver Block Built-In ‘I&t SetMicroprocessor Required Peripheral Equipment Data Processing Data Processing Flow Diagram Processing Details ~...... .A....u.........s....i Pre-Raw Data Arrays Transform Option 010 Only Auxiliary Channels and Two-Port Calibration Active Channel KeysChannel 3 without pressing chanj twice Enabling Auxiliary Channels Entry Block KeysMultiple Channel Displays Uncoupling Stimulus Values Between Primary Channels Knob Units TerminatorStep Keys Modifyiug or Deleting Entries Defining Ranges with Stimulus Keys Stimulus Functions Stimulus Menu Understanding the Power Ranges Power Menu Power Range Transitions in the Automatic Mode Channel coupling Power Coupling OptionsTest port collpling Auto Sweep Time Mode Manual Sweep Time ModeSweep Time Minimum Sweep Time ‘12l.ble 6-1. Minimum Cycle Time in seconds Trigger Menu Continuously and the trace is updated with each sweep Allowing Repetitive Switching of the Attenuator Source Attenuator Switch ProtectionFeature Specified number of sweeps is completed. Channel Stimulus Coupling ‘. . . . . . . .,‘....’ Sweep Type Menu Stepped List Frequency Sweep Hz Logarithmic Frequency Sweep HzSegment Menu Loss of calibration Parameters can also be saved with an instrument state Stepped Edit Subsweep Menu Power Ii ,.,,,, ....i,..... ...c .i i CW Time Sweep Seconds Power Sweep dBmSelecting Sweep Modes Calibration section Response Functions Auxihary channel is enabled Understanding S-Parameters Parameters Deilnition S-parameter menu contains the following softkeys Conversions, as these formats are not easily interpreted Log Magnitude Format ~......, .~ Format MenuAre available by means of which softkeys / .‘~ ~~~.,..~~~ Group Delay Format Phase Format 13. Group Delay Format Smith Chart Format Polar Format 14. Standard and Inverse Smith Chart Formats SWR Format Linear Magnitude Format Ima@naryFormat Real Format 19. Constant Group Delay Group Delay Principles 21. Rate of Phase Change Versus Frequency Application and Operation Concepts Scale Reference Menu Electrical DelayOr ~~~~~~~~~~ Assuming a relative permeability Display Menu Single graticule see -23a Dual Channel Mode 4 Application and Operation Concepts Customizing the Display Four-Parameter Display FunctionsChapter for more information on this condition Ble Is sele&ed ~~~~6~~~~~ @ves you two choices for a Provides a quick way to set up a four-parameter display PRRI=IMETER Shortcut Keys Yellow, indicating that the keys in yellow apply to channel Memory Math F’unctions Setting Display IntensityTwo trace math operations are implemented \/ii Setting Default Colors Red 100 Numeric keypad, until the desired color appearsYellow 100 Green 100 Averaging Averaging MenuFollowing softkeys are located within the averaging menu If Bandwidth Reduction Smoothing 27. if Bandwidth Reduction 28. Bbkers on Trace Markers Marker type IMarker Menu Is displayed Marker Function Menu Measurement Calibration What Is Accuracy Enhancement? Directivity What Causes Measurement Errors? Source Match Frequency Response Tracking Isolation crosstalk One-Port Error Model Characterizing Microwave Systematic Errors 34. Effective Directivity EDF 36. Reflection Tracking Em 38. Measured Effective Directivity 40. Open Circuit ?Lkrmina.tion Device Measurement + !T + I Reverse S,2M 42. Bhjor Sources of Error 44. Load Match Em 45. Isolation Em 46. Full Two-Port Error Model 47. Full Two-Port Emor Model Equations Measurement Parameters Calibration ConsiderationsDevice Measurements Omitting Isolation Calibration Frequency Response of Calibration Standards Calibration Standards Electrical Offset Open W Ql.7~J How Effective Is Accuracy Enhancement? 50. Response versus S 11 l-Port CMibration on Smith Chart Ensuring a Valid Calibration Correcting for Measurement ErrorsFollowing softkeys are located within the correction menu ~or-co~e&on is on or off Press I- j~~~~~~~~~~ Interpolated Error-correction Response Calibration Calibrate MenuResponse and Isolation Calibration S11 and S22 One-Port Calibration TRL*/LRM* Two-Port Calibration Cal Kit Menu Restarting a CalibrationSelect Cal Kit Menu Modifying Calibration Kits ProcedureDefinitions Following are definitions of terms Modify Calibration Kit Menu TIhble 6-5. Standard DelInitions Detie Standard Menus Application and Operation Concepts Described next Impedance different from system ZOCharacters Label Standard Menu ~~,~~~~~~~ ‘Ihble 6-6. Slamlard Class Assignments Calibration Calibration. For default calibration kits, this is the thru Verify performance Verification procedure may be usedCal kit menu. It will be saved with calibration sets TRL%RM* Calibration Why Use TRL Calibration?TRL lkrminology How !CRL*/LRM* Calibration Works TRL* Error Model Same during the isolation calibration and the measurement IsoIation Frequencies is often times physically impossible Source match and load match 54. Typical Measurement Set up Length No loss. Characteristic impedance ZO need not be knownRequirements Let Fl = 1000 MHz Where = frequency l=lengthofline Application and Operation Concepts Selections under this menu WhereOr match &n&d ~~~~~~~~ .gQ or to the system Menu and ~~~~~~~~. with the defie timdad menu me ignored Is used to set the reference plane ~~~~~~~..~~~ Calibrated Power Level Power Meter CalibrationAssociated with power meter calibration Primary Applications Interpolation in Power Meter Calibration Loss of Power Meter Calibration DataPower Meter Calibration Modes of Operation 55. ‘I&t Setup for Continuous Sample Mode Network Analyzer Power Meter Power Sensor Power Sensor Calibration Factor List SpeedandAccuracy Number of Beadings Sweep Time Characteristic Corrected 57. Alternate and Chop Sweeps Overlaid Alternate and Chop Sweep Modes Modify the Cal Kit Thru Definition Matched Adapters 58. Instrument State Function Block Using the Instrument State Functions HP-IB Menu System Controller Mode HP-IB Status Indicators= talk mode = service request SRQ asserted by the analyzer ~.&.. .?....bLi.... ...l Copy Mode Using the Parallel PortGpio Mode Instrument System Menu ~~~~~..~~~~~ provides access to the instrument mode menuLimits Menu Ikmi% tiih Edit Limits Menu Offset Limits Menu Knowing the Instrument Modes External Source ModePage CW=e Bange ‘lhble 6-8. External Source Capture RangesIf you press @KJ ~~~~~~~~~~ Pical Test Setup 60. Typical ‘l&t Setup for a Frequency Offset Measurement Application and Operation Concepts 61. Typical Harmonic Mode ‘I&t Setup Bhximum Fundamental Frequency To OFF to allow alternating sweeps Transform Menu Time Domain Operation Option General Theory Time Domain Bandpass 63. a Reflection Measurement of Two Cables ‘I&ble 6-10. Time Domain Reflection Formats Transmission Measurements Using Bandpass Mode Setting frequency range for time domain low pass Reflection Measurements In Time Domain Low Pass Fault Location Measurements Using Low Pass E M E N T E P R E S P O N S E P U L S E R E S P O N S E Transmission Measurements In Time Domain Low Pass PgBlQ6-c Time Domain Concepts Masking 69. Transmission Measurements Using Low Pass Impulse Mode 70. Masking Example 10 90% Sidelobes Example Where AF’ is the spacing between frequency data points= 100 x lo-’ seconds = 100 x lo-’ 6 x 3 x l$ m/s Resolution \I I 75. Sequence of Steps in Gating Operation Transforming CW Time Measurements Into the Frequency Domain ‘able 6-13. Gate Characteristics Forward Transform Measurements I i iiiii t ~~~~~~ 78. Combined Effects of Amplitude and Phase Modulation 80. Range of a Forward Transform Measurement Wst Sequencing Active entry command 1 per digit Type of Command Size in BytesZoF the ~~~~~~~~ Sequencing Menu Results for each input power level applied to the amplifier Parallel in ETS OUT Bits Sequencing Special Functions Menu Commands require you to enter the destination sequenceSequence Decision Making Menu Decision Making Functions Naming Files Generated by a Sequence HP-GLConsiderations Entering HP-GL Commands Label HP-GL comman& Ia Plot absolute HP-GL command PA Amplifier parameters Amplifier Tksting Gain Compression 85. Diagram of Gain Compression Metering the power level Difficulty selecting the correct signal to measure Mixer TestingFrequency Offset Tuned Receiver Accuracy Considerations Mixer Parameters That You Can Measure Attenuation at Mixer Ports J j j i Filtering 92.Examples of Up Converters and Down Converters 93. Down Converter Port Connections You a s&& either ~~~~~,~~~~~ or ~~~~,~~~~,~ 94. Up Converter Port Connections Isolation Conversion LossLOFeedthru/LOtoRFLedage SWR / Return Loss Conversion Compression Phase Measurements Phase Linearity and Group Delay Amplitude and Phase Tracking Applicationmd OperationConcepts Connection Considerations Reflected SignalAdapters Worst Case System DiBtiVity 28d.B 17dEI 14 dE3 If You Want to Design Your Own Fixture Fixtures General Measurement and Calibration Techniques Reference DocumentsFixtures and Non-Coaxial Measurements On-Wafer Measurements Dynamic Range Specifkations and Measurement Uncertainties HP 8763E 6OQ with 7-mm Test Ports HP 8753E Measurement Port Specifications Frequency Range HP8753E Wiih HP85032B Calibration Kit HP 8763E SO@ with Type-N Test Ports HP8753E Wiih HP85033D Calibration Kit HP 8763E SO@W with 3.6~mm Test Ports GHz to 3 GHz HP 8763E 76Q with Type-N Test Ports Applies at 26 f6 C t Typical Performance 15dB,30kHzto6OkHz HP 8763E 7612 with Type-F Test Ports Instrument Spectications ‘lhble 7-12. HP 8753E Instrument Specifications 1 ‘Ihble 7-12. HP 8753E Instrument Specifkations 2 ‘lhble 7-12. HP 8753E Instrument Specifications 3 ‘Ihble 7-12. HP 8753E Instrument Specifhtions 4 ‘Ihble 7-12. EP 8753E Instrument Speciikations 5 ‘Ihble 7-12. EIP 8753E Instrument Specifications 6 Measurement Throughput Summary HP 8763E Network Analyzer General Characteristics Probe Power Front Panel ConnectorsRear Panel Connectors Remote Programming Video Output VGA OUT External Auxilhry Input AUX Input Display Pixel Integrity Line PowerParallel Port 232 General Conditions Environmental Characteristics Cabinet Dimensions WeightInternal Memory Page Menu Maps Page Menu Maps IrCOPY Page Format Menu LOG MAG DELA,’ Smith Chart Polar LIN MAG SWR MAX + RefIFWD MenuMaps SAVE/RECALL MEN + Save State Recall MenuYaps Page MenuMaps Pg657e Key Definitions Analyzer Functions Guide Tkrms and Conventions Set to the current adive -ker position, using the ~~~ Key Definitions At the St& of the averaging or following ~~~~~~~~~~ Ad for specifying the calibration s-d=& used. me ~~~ Key Dsfinitions Key Definitions Mo&fication.\ ~~~~~~~~lt~\brings up the printer color ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ the preset condition, both channels have Key Definitions 8-l 2 Key Definitions Sequence position Sequence 1 through 6. ~~~~~~~~ Key Definitions S21 ~~~~~~~ Key Definitions 8 Key Definitions Key Definitions 9-l Turns limit. .I lines on or off. lb define limits, use With the &@&ElV &3 softkey, if it is to be used later Key Definitions B-21 Lxm Switched on. Thirty lines of data are listed on eachStimulus menu Edit subsweep menu. Up to 30 frequency subsweeps Let G .m4 Ldab AlO Wfset ILocal LWX $%QXlXl% Sequence Filenaming #F$ F4MEt + ,START Hold mode for one measurement Stimulus settingsCouples the marker stimulus values for the two display Allows the marker stimulus values to be controlled Moves the active marker to the minimum point on the trace Completes the selection in the Offset Load Menu Selects the calibration standard load as being offsetIs used to omit the isolation portion of the calibration Drn SB When editing a sequence, False Tg .&ZLlZGT appears when you Is used to set the same power levels at each port Configures the analyzer for a plotter that has a parallelWith the plotter Directs plots to the selected disk internal or external Frequency and power loss value Allows you to set different power levels at each port FRXif Hii tXWR Key Definitions Key Definitions RsE#kswa, Value Measures the reverse isolation of the calibration standard KRSPti#SE Gggs&fi ’F7 Key is disabled if ‘~~~~~~~ is set to ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ menu Key Definitions Kay Definitions To temate the smdwd definition Key Definitions Key Definitions Is used to specify the arbitrary impedance of the standard, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Men ~~~~~~~~ or ~~~~~~~~ is pressed, a Key Definitions B-61 ~~~~~~~~~~ above Key Definitions Cross Reference of Key Function to Programming Command Anab Menucal M4HEH ?lZAXJ.LT CXtLUH DEFAULT,. i?RXllT f%KtVP MARKF-AUV OFFlPon #iv Harmoff Lintdata Markmidd Ofls Titp Pric ‘fhble Cross Reference of Key Function to Programm ingbmmand Resd Labesbba Stop Limtsl Seatarg Trackoff Yellow Softkey Locations ‘Ittble 9-2. Softkey Locations SoftkeyFront-Panel Access Key ‘Ihble 9-2. Softkey Locations Key Definitions Key Definitions ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ Able 9-2. Softkey Locations SoftkeyFront-Panel Access Key Key Definitions Lhble 9-2. Softkey Lacations SoftkeyFront-Panel Access Key $84 Iey Definitions ‘lhble 9-2. Softkey Locations SoftkeyFront-Panel Access Key ‘lhble 9-2. Softkey Locations SoftkeyFFont-Panel Access Key Ble 9-2. Softkey Locations SoftkeyFront-Panel Access Key ‘lhble 9-2. Softkey Locations SoftkeyFront-Fanel Access Key ’hble 9-2. Softkey Locations ‘lhble 9-2. Softkey Locations SoftkeyFront-Rmel Access Key ‘Ihble 9-2. Softkey Locations SoftkeyFront-Panel Access Key ‘able 9-2. Softkey Locations Able 9-2. Softkey Locations SoftkeyFront-Panel Access Key 7hble 9-2. Softkey Locations ISoftkeyFront-Panel Access Key ‘Ihble 9-2. Softkey Locations Error Messages Error Messages in Alphabetical Order Analog BUS Disabled IN6KHZ if BW Ascii Missing ‘VAR’ Statement Blockinputlengthehhor CANTSTORE/LOADSEQUENCE, Insufficientmemory Correction and Domain Reset Deadlock Diskis Writeprotected Duplicating to this Sequence not Allowed File not Found ~ ..~~~.. .. .., .,~~,~ IFBWKEYDISABLED, Editlistmodetbl Error Number You pressed an undefined softkey 9in progress. Start a new calibration Order to use the ~~~~,~~~ softkey function Error Number See error number Error Number See error number 57 Plot Aborted Error Number The parallel port printer is not accepting data PRINT/PLOTINPROGRESS, Abortwithlocal Probepowershut Down Selectedsequenceisenpty Slides Aborted Memoryreallocation Sweep, pres LMenu ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~, or ~~~~~~~~~ TOO Manynested SEQUENCES. SEQ Aborted WAITINGFORHP-IB Control Error Messages in Numerical Order Error Messages 1O-28 Error Device not on, not connect, wrong addrs IN-zErl No Memory Available for Sequencing List Mode OFF Invalid with LO Freq Analog BUS Disabled in 6 KHZ if BW Error Number Calibration Kits Compatible Peripherals Test Port Return Cables Verification KitAdapter Kits Transistor Test Fixtures Power Limiters System Testmobile System Cabinet HP-IB Cables Mass StorageInterface Cables ‘Ihble 1 l-l. Keyboard ‘lkmplate Definition KeyboardsAnalyzer Function Keyboaxd Analyzer Function Kety Name Sample Software ControllerExternal Monitors Commended Color Monitors Peripheral Connections to the Analyzer Connecting the Peripheral Device If the Peripheral is a Printer Cotiguring the Analyzer for the Peripheral =.~~~~~.........~.......~ Until the correct function appears Print function as followsAppears ‘.’ .~ Z...... iizz......ii.w.....A........w..i.i Enter the volume number Enter the HP-IB address of the power meter, followed by @HP 436A HP 437B or 438A Press Local and select one of the following Press $m$&& ad enter the au-rent year, fdlowed by Ixl Configuring the Analyzer to Produce a Time Stamp HP-IB Programming Overview Device Types HP-IB Operation Unaddress and revert to an idle state HP-IB Bus Structure REN Remote Enable SRQ Service RequestData lines carry device-dependent instructions or data EOI End or Identify Does not respond to parallel poll Full-acceptor handshakeComplete device clear No extended listener capabilities = ‘IU mode = Service request SRQ asserted by the analyzer HP-II3 Status Indicators Next lower address System-Controller Mode Code Naming Convention Analyzer Command Syntax Valid Characters User Graphics HP-II3 Debug ModeKHz Kilohertz US Microseconds MHz Megahertz GHz Gigahertz Types of Memory and Data Storage Preset State and Memory Allocation Non-Volatile Memory Preset State and Memory Allocation Storing Data to Disk ‘&ble 12-2. SuiIix Character Definitions Conserving Memory Using Saved Calibration Sets Register in which it is stored Preset State ‘Ihble 12-3. Preset Conditions 1 ‘lhble 12-3. Preset Conditions 2 Able 12-3. Preset Conditions 3 Taker/listener Default color valuesAn instrument state are cleared Sequence 1 through 5 are erased Power Meter Type is set to HP 438A/437 HP-IB Addresses are set to the following defaults HP 8753E9600 Xon-Xoff CITIllle Keyword Reference CITIfile Data Format Header part CITIFILEA.0190 This section will dehne the following terms Package HeaderData part 23491E-3,-1.39883E-3 00382E-3,-1.40022E-3 CITIfile Keyword Data Sl,l RI #NA VERSIONHP8510B.05.00 Example 4,861O S-Term Frequency List Cal Set F’ile Conclusion CITINe Keyword Reference Is supported in revision A.O1.OO Don’t change when the independent variable changesVariable Commonly used array names include the following Determining System Measurement Uncertainties Sources of Measurement Errors Abl, Ab2 = dynamic accuracy = frequency Sources of Random Errors Measurement Uncertainty Equations Sources of Additional Measurement Errors Reflection Phase Uncertainty Erp Efnf = effective noise floor Transmission Uncertainty Equations Dynamic Accuracy Transmission Phase Uncertainty Etp Determining Expected System Performance Procedures Characteristic Vdues ‘lhble Measurement Uncertainty Worksheet 1 Page Page Page GHz operation option Specifications75Q Impedance option Mm test ports Active Format, 419 auto sweep time mode Allowing repetitive switching Switch protection ~~~~~~ 4Enabling Key To key cross reference, 9-54 compatible Mode Down converter port Connecting peripherals, 1 l-8 connections, 6 AdaptersGroup delay measurement Conhguring Deviation from linear phase measurement Definition Calibration standards, 5-27 delayElectrical Delete display option, 1-13 deleting Display functions, 6-42 color Linear magnitude, 6-36 log magnitude, 6-32 phaseDTl responds to a group execute trigger Increasing Limitations, 7-l E2 W-state drivers, 11-19 edit Signal flow in a mixer ESD precautions Exammmg calibration constants, 5-27 exampleSwept if conversion loss measurement Fan location, l-11 Frequency domain concepts, 6-125-145 transform from CW time Area of display, l-10 arrays Menu, 6-32 giizj zkzzReceiver and source requirements, 6-122 receiver frequency Isolation, 5-14 error-correct for full two-port Calibrate the analyzer receiver to measure absolute powerMeasure electrical length and phase distortion Define the print Set frequency span with markers, 2-29 set source power Set auto sweep time modeDomain Print a sequence Print multiple measurements per LIF Input ports menu Hpgl InstAent state, 6-110-116 &iJ 6-51 It, 6-11 @J, 6-78 0, 6-11 @jiiJ, 6-42 entry, 6-9-lList values Magnitude and insertion phase response measurement Low pass modeSoftkey labels, l-10 softkeys LOG MKR, 2-25 Loop counter sequence Using swept list mode Measurement frequencies, diagram, 3-10 measurement pointsParameters set with markers, 2-26 sequence 75Q type-F test ports 75Q type-N test ports Tuned receiver mode Up conversion Accuracy Amplitude and phase tracking, 6-167 attenuationIavp @g$, 8-6 @iii,8 68-7 CaI kit thru definition, 5-47 modifying Sequence New features to the analyzer, l-2 ~~~~Multiple sequence cascading Printing or plotting, 4-30 operation Parameters set with markers, 2-26 center frequency Points Datahow to reducePeripheral ~~~~.~~~ 4 Configuration, 4-4, 49, 11-9 mode Multiple measurements per Solving problems ‘amji$J& usePolar or Smith format markers, 2-22 port 1 and port2, l-6 Printing or plotting list values or operating parameters Modifying Trmm calibration standards Offsetting limit lines Error-correction for one-port reflection measurementsValues Resetting the printing parameters to default values Response error-correction for reflection measurements Using delta a markers Setting center frequency with markersUsing ~~~~~ to .&jvate a tied Viewing the measurement data and memory trace Procedures Retention, 4-33 Re/Im MKR, 2-25, 2-26 relative Relative velocity for time domain, 2-90 remote controlRunning Searching for values with markers, 2-32 bandwidth @iG Service request asserted by the analyzer S Stop frequency Setting with markers Stopping Spectral purity characteristics, 7-10 spurious signalsSpecify Standarddehnitions Entering Test set Testing with Iimit lines, 2-46 testmobile Forward transform mode, 6-126 gating Test set switch, controlling the, 5-54 test using limitsActive channel display, 2-9 titling Weight Widen system bandwidth, 5-52 windowing Time domain How to setType-N calibration standard sex, 5-6 type-N test ports Understanding S-parameters, 6-29 units