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Subsets and Faults
Processor Issue Constraints
Operand Access Type Notation
Subsetting Rules
PALcode Replacement
Disable performance monitoring
Multiprocessor Context Switch
Ieee Rounding Mode Selected
Page 14
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xiv
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Page 15
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Contents
Alpha Architecture Handbook
October
Table of Contents
Instruction Formats
Page
10.19 Integer Register to Floating-Point Register Move
System Architecture and Programming Implications
Digital Unix
Ieee Floating-Point Conformance
Index
Figures
Tables
Xiii
Xiv
Preface
Page
Alpha Is a True 64-Bit Architecture
Chapter
Alpha Approach to Risc Architecture
Alpha Is Designed for Very High-Speed Implementations
Alpha Instructions Include Hints for Achieving Higher Speed
Alpha Approach to Byte Manipulation
Alpha Approach to Multiprocessor Shared Memory
PALcode Alpha’s Very Flexible Privileged Software Library
Data Format Overview
Alpha and Programming Languages
PALcode Instructions
Instruction Format Overview
Instruction Overview
Integer Operate Instructions
Branch Instructions
Load/Store Instructions
Floating-Point Operate Instructions
Instruction Set Characteristics
Terminology and Conventions
Unpredictable and Undefined
Numbering
Security Holes
Unaligned
Ranges and Extents
Aligned and Unaligned
Should Be Zero SBZ
Must Be Zero MBZ
Read As Zero RAZ
Ignore IGN
Page
Byte
Addressing
Data Types
Word
Longword
Quadword
VAX Floating-Point Formats
Ffloating
Ffloating Load Exponent Mapping Mapf
Gfloating
Gfloating Register Format
Dfloating
Ieee Floating-Point Formats
SFloating
Sfloating Load Exponent Mapping Maps Memory Register
Tfloating
13 Tfloating Datum
14 Tfloating Register Format
XFloating
15 Xfloating Datum
XFloating Big-Endian Formats
Longword Integer Format in Floating-Point Unit
17 Xfloating Big-Endian Datum
Quadword Integer Format in Floating-Point Unit
Data Types with No Hardware Support
Big-Endian Addressing Support
23 Little-Endian Byte Addressing
14Alpha Architecture Handbook
Integer Registers
Alpha Registers
Program Counter
Implementation note
Floating-Point Registers
Lock Registers
Optional Registers
Notation
Processor Cycle Counter PCC Register
Memory Prefetch Registers
Operand Value Notation Meaning
Operand Notation
Operand Notation Meaning
Expression Operand Notation Meaning
Instruction Operand Notation
Operand Access Type Notation
Operand Access Type Notation Meaning
Operand Name Notation
Operand Data Type Notation Meaning
Operators
Operand Data Type Notation
Operators Meaning
Bit concatenation
Loadlocked
Case
DIV
Priorityencode
Not
Physicaladdress
LTU
Software Note
Instruction Formats
Notation Conventions
XOR
Memory Instruction Format
Memory Format Instructions with a Function Code
Memory Format Jump Instructions
Branch Instruction Format
Operate Instruction Format
Floating-Point Operate Instruction Format
Floating-Point Operate Instruction Format
Floating-Point/Integer Register Moves
PALcode Instruction Format
Floating-Point Convert Instructions
PALcode Instruction Format
Page
Instruction Set Overview
Instruction Type Section
Subsetting Rules
Floating-Point Subsets
Opcode Qualifiers Meaning
Software Emulation Rules
Opcode Qualifiers
Memory Integer Load/Store Instructions
Memory Integer Load/Store Instructions Mnemonic Operation
Load Address
Load Memory Data into Integer Register
LDL
Implementation Notes
Load Unaligned Memory Data into Integer Register
Load Memory Data into Integer Register Locked
10Alpha Architecture Handbook
Implementation Notes
Store Integer Register Data into Memory Conditional
Stqc BEQ
Hardware/Software Implementation Note
Store Integer Register Data into Memory
16Alpha Architecture Handbook
Store Unaligned Integer Register Data into Memory
Control Instructions
Control Instructions Summary Mnemonic Operation
JMP
BNE
BSR
JSR
Conditional Branch
Unconditional Branch
Jumps
Encoding Meaning
Integer Arithmetic Instructions Summary Mnemonic Operation
Integer Arithmetic Instructions
Count instruction CIX extension implementation note
Longword Add
Addl
S8ADDL
Scaled Longword Add
S4ADDL
Quadword Add
Addq
S8ADDQ
Scaled Quadword Add
S4ADDQ
Integer Signed Compare
Integer Unsigned Compare
Count Leading Zero
Count Population
Count Trailing Zero
Longword Multiply
Mull
Quadword Multiply
Mulq
Unsigned Quadword Multiply High
Longword Subtract
Subl
S8SUBL
Scaled Longword Subtract
S4SUBL
Quadword Subtract
Subq
S8SUBQ
Scaled Quadword Subtract
S4SUBQ
Logical and Shift Instructions
Logical and Shift Instructions Summary Mnemonic Operation
Logical Functions
Conditional Move Integer
Is exactly equivalent to
Shift Logical
Shift Arithmetic
Byte Manipulation Instructions
Instruction Meaning Described in Section
Insqh
Inswh
Inslh
Mskbl
Compare Byte
BEQ Loop
To compare two character strings for greater/equal/less
Extract Byte
Ldqu
Optimized examples
Big-endian examples
Byte Insert
56Alpha Architecture Handbook
Byte Mask
Insqh
Inswh
Sign Extend
Zero Bytes
Single-Precision Operations
Subsets and Faults
Floating-Point Instructions
Definitions
Alpha finite number
Infinity
Denormal
Dirty zero
Non-finite number
Sign Exponent Fraction Vax
Encodings
True zero
Meaning Finite
Ieee Rounding Modes
Rounding Modes
VAX Rounding Modes
Computational Models
VAX Rounding Mode Instruction Notation
Ieee Rounding Mode Instruction Notation
VAX-Format Arithmetic with Precise Exceptions
IEEE-Compliant Arithmetic Without Inexact Exception
High-Performance VAX-Format Arithmetic
IEEE-Compliant Arithmetic
VAX Trapping Modes
Trapping Modes
High-Performance IEEE-Format Arithmetic
When /U or /V mode is specified
VAX Trapping Modes Summary Trap Mode Notation Meaning
Ieee Trapping Modes
Summary of Ieee Trapping Modes Trap Mode Notation Meaning
SUI
Arithmetic Trap Completion
SVI
Trap Shadow Length Rules
Page
Invalid Operation INV Arithmetic Trap
Division by Zero DZE Arithmetic Trap
Overflow OVF Arithmetic Trap
Inexact Result INE Arithmetic Trap
Ieee Floating-Point Trap Disable Bits
Underflow UNF Arithmetic Trap
Integer Overflow IOV Arithmetic Trap
Floating-Point Control Register Fpcr
Ieee Denormal Control Bits
Ieee Rounding Mode Selected
Floating-Point Control Register Fpcr Format
Page
Accessing the Fpcr
Software Notes
Default Values of the Fpcr
Saving and Restoring the Fpcr
Floating-Point Instruction Function Field Format
Floating-Point Instruction Function Field
Contents Meaning for Opcodes 1616
SQRTS/SQRTT
FNC
ITOFS/ITOFT
Unpredictable
Ieee Standard
Conversion of NaN and Infinity Values
Propagating NaN Values
Copying NaN Values
Generating NaN Values
Memory Format Floating-Point Instructions
Load Ffloating
Load Gfloating
Load Sfloating
Load Tfloating
Store Ffloating
Store Gfloating
Store Sfloating
Store Tfloating
Branch Format Floating-Point Instructions
FBxx Fa.rq,disp.al Branch format
Page
Floating-Point Operate Format Instructions
Adds
Addf
Addg
Ieee
Muls
Mulf
Mulg
Mult
Copy Sign
Convert Integer to Integer
Floating-Point Conditional Move
Fcmovne F3,F2,F1
Move from/to Floating-Point Control Register
VAX Floating Add
Ieee Floating Add
Cmpgle
VAX Floating Compare
Cmpgeq
Cmpglt
Cmptle
Ieee Floating Compare
Cmpteq
Cmptlt
Convert VAX Floating to Integer
Convert Integer to VAX Floating
Convert VAX Floating to VAX Floating
Convert Ieee Floating to Integer
Convert Integer to Ieee Floating
Convert Ieee SFloating to Ieee TFloating
Convert Ieee TFloating to Ieee SFloating
VAX Floating Divide
Ieee Floating Divide
Floating-Point Register to Integer Register Move
Integer Register to Floating-Point Register Move
Itofs is exactly equivalent to the sequence
VAX Floating Multiply
Ieee Floating Multiply
VAX Floating Square Root
Ieee Floating Square Root
VAX Floating Subtract
Ieee Floating Subtract
Miscellaneous Instructions
17 Miscellaneous Instructions Summary Mnemonic Operation
Architecture Mask
134Alpha Architecture Handbook
Call Privileged Architecture Library
Evict Data Cache Block
Implementation Note
Exception Barrier
Prefetch Data
140Alpha Architecture Handbook
Implementation Version
Memory Barrier
Read Processor Cycle Counter
Trap Barrier
Write Hint
Implementation Note
Write Memory Barrier
Processor Processor j
VAX Compatibility Instructions
18 VAX Compatibility Instructions Summary Mnemonic Operation
VAX Compatibility Instructions
Multimedia Graphics and Video Support
Mnemonic Operation
Byte and Word Minimum and Maximum
Instruction mnemonics
Pixel Error
Pack Bytes
Unpack Bytes
Introduction
Physical Address Space Characteristics
Coherency of Memory Access
Granularity of Memory Access
Software/Hardware Note
Width of Memory Access
Memory-Like and Non-Memory-Like Behavior
Hardware/Software Coordination Note
Translation Buffers and Virtual Caches
Caches and Write Buffers
Page
Atomic Change of a Single Datum
Atomic Update of a Single Datum
Data Sharing
Atomic Update of Data Structures
STQ
8Alpha Architecture Handbook
Ordering Considerations for Shared Data Structures
Read/Write Ordering
Alpha Shared Memory Model
Implementation Note
Definition of Before and After
Architectural Definition of Processor Issue Sequence
Definition of Processor Issue Constraints
Processor Issue Constraints
1st↓ 2nd → PiIn=4y,b PiRny,b PiWny,b PiMB PiIMB
Definition of Storage
Definition of Location Access Constraints
Definition of Visibility
Definition of Dependence Constraint
Definition of Load-Locked and Store-Conditional
Litmus Test 1 Impossible Sequence
Litmus Tests
Timeliness
PiPj
Litmus Test 2 Impossible Sequence
Litmus Test 3 Impossible Sequence
Litmus Test 6 Sequence Okay
Litmus Test 4 Sequence Okay
Litmus Test 5 Sequence Okay
Litmus Test 7 Impossible Sequence
Litmus Test 8 Impossible Sequence
Litmus Test 11 Impossible Sequence
Litmus Test 9 Impossible Sequence
Litmus Test 10 Sequence Okay
Single Processor Data Stream
Implied Barriers
Implications for Software
Single Processor Instruction Stream
See Footnote 1 on
Multiprocessor Context Switch
First Processor Second Processor
Page
Multiprocessor Send/Receive Interrupt
Implications for Memory Mapped I/O
Multiple Processors Writing to a Single I/O Device
Implications for Hardware
Arithmetic Traps
Dictable
PALcode
PALcode Instructions and Functions
PALcode Environment
Special Functions Required for PALcode
PALcode Replacement
PALcode Effects on System Code
Required PALcode Instructions
PALcode Instructions that Require Recognition Mnemonic Name
Halt
Required PALcode Instructions Mnemonic Type Operation
Draina
IMB
Drain Aborts
Callpal Draina
Halt
Callpal Halt
Instruction Memory Barrier
Callpal IMB
Console Subsystem Overview
Page
Input/Output Overview
Page
OpenVMS Alpha
Unprivileged OpenVMS Alpha PALcode
Chms
Chme
Chmk
Chmu
Insqhiq
Insqhil
Insqhilr
Insqhiqr
Insqtiqr
Insqtilr
Insqtiq
Insquel
REI
Rdps
Readunq
Remqhil
Remqtilr
Remqhiqr
Remqtil
Remqtiq
Rscc
Remquel
Remqueq
Swasten
Ldqp
Privileged OpenVMS Alpha Palcode
Cflush
Mfpr
Wtint
Stqp
Swpctx
Page
Unprivileged Digital Unix PALcode
Mnemonic Operation and Description
Privileged Digital Unix PALcode
10-3
10-4Alpha Architecture Handbook
Unprivileged Windows NT Alpha PALcode
Unprivileged Windows NT Alpha PALcode Instruction Summary
Privileged Windows NT Alpha PALcode
11-3
11-4Alpha Architecture Handbook
11-5
Page
Appendix a
Hardware-Software Compact
Branch Prediction and Minimizing Branch-Taken Factor
Instruction-Stream Considerations
Instruction Alignment
Figure A-1 Branch-Format BSR and BR Opcodes
Instruction Scheduling Factor
Data-Stream Considerations
Improving I-Stream Density Factor
Data Alignment Factor
Shared Data in Multiple Processors Factor
Avoiding Cache/TB Conflicts Factor
Figure A-3 Bad Allocation in Cache
Sequential Read/Write Factor
Prefetching Factor
Aligned Byte/Word Within Register Memory Accesses
Code Sequences
Division
4.1 NOP
Byte Swap
Stylized Code Forms
Clear a Register
Load Literal
4.6 not
Register-to-Register Move
Negate
Booleans
Exceptions and Trap Barriers
Pseudo-Operations Stylized Code Forms
Software Considerations A-15
Timing Considerations Atomic Sequences
Appendix B
Alpha Choices for Ieee Options
2Alpha Architecture Handbook
Alpha Support for OS Completion Handlers
Ieee Floating-Point Control FPC Quadword
Figure B-1 Ieee Floating-Point Control FPC Quadword
Page
Mapping to Ieee Standard
Figure B-2 Ieee Trap Handling Behavior
Completion Signal Alpha Instructions Code Handler
Table B-2 Ieee Floating-Point Trap Handling User Hardware1
MULx Output Exceptions
CVTff Output Exceptions
Cmptlt Cmptle Input Exceptions
SQRTx Output Exceptions
Underflow
Division by Zero
Overflow
Inexact
Appendix C
Common Architecture Instruction Summary
ADDQ/V
Table C-2 Common Architecture Instructions
ADDL/V
15.0AF Convert Gfloating to quadword
MULL/V
MULQ/V
SUBL/V
SUBQ/V
Ieee Floating-Point Instructions
Table C-3 Ieee Floating-Point Instruction Function Codes
VAX Floating-Point Instructions
Programming Note
Independent Floating-Point Instructions
Opcode Summary
Table C-7 Key to Opcode Summary Symbol Meaning
Table C-6 Opcode Summary
Common Architecture Opcodes in Numerical Order
Table C-8 Common Architecture Opcodes in Numerical Order
Instruction Summary C-11
Addt
Instruction Summary C-13
OpenVMS Alpha PALcode Instruction Summary
Mfprfen
Mfprasn
Mfpresp
Mfpripl
Mnemonic Opcode Description
Digital Unix PALcode Instruction Summary
Table C-12 Digital Unix Privileged PALcode Instructions
Windows NT Alpha Instruction Summary
Table C-14 Windows NT Alpha Privileged PALcode instructions
Windows NT
PALcode Opcodes in Numerical Order
Table C-15 PALcode Opcodes in Numerical Order
OpenVMS Alpha
Wtint 00.003F 00.0063
Table C-16 Required PALcode Opcodes Mnemonic Type
Required PALcode Opcodes
Opcodes Reserved to PALcode
Table C-17 Opcodes Reserved for PALcode Mnemonic
Table C-18 Opcodes Reserved for Compaq Mnemonic
Opcodes Reserved to Compaq
Unused Function Code Behavior
OPC01 OPC02 OPC03 OPC04 OPC05 OPC06 OPC07
Ascii Character Set
Table C-19 Ascii Character Set Hex Code
Table D-1 Processor Type Assignments Major Type Minor Type
Appendix D
Processor Type Assignments
EV3
PALcode Variation Assignments
Table D-4 Implver Value Assignments Meaning
Architecture Mask and Implementation Values
Table D-3 Amask Bit Assignments Bit Meaning
Digital Unix
Page
Appendix E
Waivers
DECchip 21264 LDxL/STxC with WH64 Violation
Implementation-Specific Functionality
DECchip 21064/21066/21068 Performance Monitoring
For the OpenVMS Alpha Operating System
Disable performance monitoring
Functions and Arguments for the DECchip 21064/21066/21068
= PCMUX0
Select desired events muxctl
Select performance monitoring options
= PCMUX1
Value Description
PC0
PC1
DECchip 21164/21164PC Performance Monitoring
Performance Monitor Interrupt Mechanism
Input Contents Register Bits Meaning
Windows NT Alpha Functions and Argument
PCSEL0
CTR0
CTR1
PCSEL1
OpenVMS Alpha and Digital Unix Functions and Arguments
Modeselect
PCSEL2
Disable performance monitoring do not reset counters
Select desired events Muxselect
Select interrupt frequencies
Read the counters
Operate on counter
MBZ PCSEL1
MBZ PCSEL0
MBZ
S U P
Counters Operate Under These Modes When Bits Set
Bits Meaning
6310
Table E-13 21164/21164PC Counter 1 PCSEL1 Event Selection
Table E-14 21164/21164PC Counter 2 PCSEL2 Event Selection
Table E-16 21164 CBOX2 Event Selection
Table E-15 21164 CBOX1 Event Selection
Value Meaning
Table E-17 21164PC PM0MUX Event Selection
Table E-18 21164PC PM1MUX Event Selection
3 21264 Performance Monitoring
IERCMPCEN0
SEXTPCTR0CTL47
PCTR0
PCTR1
SL1
Bit value Meaning
Select logging options
Enable and write selected counters
R17/a1 Bits Meaning
Table E-26 21264 Enable and Write Counters for OpenVMS Alpha
Page
Index
Index-2
Index-3
Index-4
Index-5
Index-6
Index-7
Index-8
Index-9
Index-10
Index-11
Index-12
Index-13
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